Inheritance Flashcards
Allele
An alternative form of a gene that occurs at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
Genome
Term used to denote the entire DNA sequence (gene content) of a gamete, person, population, or species.
Genotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism
Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Autosomal
Pertaining to a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Autosome
Chromosomes which are not sex chromosomes
Gonosomes
Sex chromosomes
Genetics
The study of gene structure and actions and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
Gene pool
The stock of different genes in an interbreeding population
Homozygous
Two identical alleles for a particular characteristic
Heterozygous
Two different alleles for a particular characteristic
Dominant gene
An allele that is expressed in the phenotype when found in the heterozygous and homozygous condition.
Recessive gene
An allele that is shown/masked in the phenotype when found in the heterozygous condition but expressed in the homozygous condition.
Filial generations
The first genetic mix of offspring from two parent gene mixes
Hybrid
An organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock
Purebred
Offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents
Carrier
An individual who is heterozygous for a trait that only shows up in the phenotype of those who are homozygous recessive.
Hemophilia
X-linked disease recessive disease in which one or more of the normal blood clotting factors is not produced.
Impact of the Human Genome project
Serves as a basis for research in areas, particularly medicine, biotechnology, agriculture and the environment
Accurate diagnosis, treatment and prevention of genetic diseases
Reduce cost of medical care
Transgenic organism
An organism that’s genome has been altered due it receiving foreign DNA via means of Biotechnology
Genetic engineering
The direct manipulation of the genes in an organism.
Recombinant DNA
Refers to DNA that has been artificially formed by combining constituents from different organisms.
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA
Vector
An organism that transfers an isolated gene into a cell
Crispr Cas-9
CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.
Genetically Modified Organism
A genetically modified organism is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
Importance of Genetic engineering
Synthesis of medicinal drugs
Production of new crops
Cloning
Stem cell research
Process of Insulin production
DNA gene that codes for Insulin production is extracted from healthy pancreatic cells.
Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into segments to isolate a specific gene
E.coli is used to produce insulin
Plasmids are removed from E.coli
Restriction enzymes are used to cut plasmids
Human gene coding for insulin is inserted into plasmid through DNA Ligase.
Plasmid end rejoin and the human gene is no part of Recombinant DNA
The plasmid is placed back into E.coli
E.coli accepts new gene as part of its genetic material and produces insulin
E.coli placed in a fermentation tank where they reproduce rapidly. The insulin is extracted from e.coli, purified and used to treat diabetes.
Arguments against cloning
‘Perfect genes’ will likely be based on scientist’s prejudices
Decreases genetic variation
Long term effects on human clones are unknown
New legal implications
Who will control biotechnology
Arguments for cloning
Disease may be eliminated from a population
Conservation of threatened species
Production of fit individuals with good genes
Replacement of diseased tissues with healthy cloned ones (Alzheimers/Parkinson’s)
