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BIOL1020 > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid (1n) sex cells.

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2
Q

Describe sexual reproduction in animals, and what the n (number of sets of chromosomes) is in each stage.

A

put diagram here

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3
Q

Describe sexual reproduction and the alternation of generations in plants, and what the n (number of sets of chromosomes) is in each stage.

A

put diagram here

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4
Q

What is the alternation of generations?

A

A pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms. The generations are alternately sexual and asexual.

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5
Q

What does meiosis do?

A

It produces haploid gametes, being sperm or egg cells.

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6
Q

What happens during the first division of meiosis (M1)?

A

The chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid by separating homologous chromosomes.

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7
Q

What happens during the second division (similar to mitosis) of meiosis (M2)?

A

The chromatids are separated into four haploid gametes per starting cell.

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8
Q

What is ‘crossing over’ and when does it occur?

A

Crossing over is a recombination event that occurs at different sites along the chromosome. It occurs during meiosis I.

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9
Q

What happens if meiosis goes wrong?

A

In some cases chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis 1 and 2, this results in gametes having +/- 1 chromosome meaning the zygote will be aneuploid (2n +/-1) which can lead to things such as down syndrome.

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10
Q

What are the principles of heridity?

A
  1. Inherited characteristics are determined by genes
  2. All individuals of a species have the same base set of genes (variation due to gene mutation)
  3. Variants of the same gene - alleles - account for variant traits.
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11
Q

What are Mendel’s principles?

A

Dominance - phenotypes depend on inheritance of dominant and recessive alleles.
Segregation - the two alleles separate from each other in gametes
independent assortment - genes segregate independently when gametes are formed.

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12
Q

What is a test cross?

A

When an unknown individual is crossed with a recessive homozygous individual to determine the genotype of the unknown individual.

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13
Q

What is true breeding?

A

An organisms that always passes down a particular phenotypic trait to its offspring.

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14
Q

What is the P generation, F1 generation, and f2 generation?

A

P generation - Parental generation
F1 generation - First filial generation
F2 generation - second filial generation

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15
Q

What is additive (polygenic) inheritance?

A

When multiple genes can exert additive effects on the same trait - quantitative traits.

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16
Q

What is genetic mapping? and what are the concepts that it relies upon?

A

Genetic mapping is a part of genetic analysis used to determine the location and relative order of genes on a chromosome. It relies upon genetic linkage and genetic recombination.

17
Q

What are the ratios between recombinant and parental phenotypes in genes that are tightly linked, weakly linked, and unlinked?

A

Tightly linked genes - Recombinant genotypes are rare, parental genotypes are abundant
Weakly linked genes - Recombinant genotypes are less rare, parental genotypes are less abundant
Unlinked genes - “Recombinant” and parental genotypes are equal

18
Q

What is the equation to determine recombination frequency?

A

Recombination frequency = # of total recombinants/# of total offspring x 100%

19
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When heterozygous individuals exhibit an intermediate phenotype

20
Q

What is a co-dominant trait?

A

When heterozygous individuals exhibit both phenotypes

21
Q

What is epistasis?

A

When two or more genes interact to yield a trait.

22
Q

What is the extension locus?

A

In relation to epistasis the extension locus is the locus on the chromosome where colour is altered.

23
Q

What is the equation for phenotypic variation of a population? and what do each of the terms mean?

A

Vp = Vg +Ve +Vge

Vg - Variation due to genotype
Ve - Variation due to environment
Vge - Variation due to the interaction between genotype and the environment

24
Q

What is the equation for heritability? and what do it’s values correspond to?

A

H^2 = Vg/Vp
When H^2 = 1 genotype completely determines phenotype
When H^2 = 0 genotype has no effect on phenotype

25
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

BIOL1020 (9 decks)

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