Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
What is a catabolic reaction?
A reaction which releases energy.
What is an anabolic reaction?
A reaction which consumes energy.
Match the words: exergonic, endergonic, anabolic, and catabolic.
Exergonic - Catabolic
Endergonic - Anabolic
Define spontaneity. How does this relate to the speed of the reaction?
Spontaneity is a reaction that occurs without an outside force being enthalpy (The disorder of a system) and entropy. This can happen both quickly and slowly.
Which value (positive/negative) of delta G do Catabolic (exergonic) and anabolic (endergonic) reactions possess?
Catabolic reactions have a negative delta G, and anabolic reactions have a positive delta G.
Is spontaneity a measure of reaction rate?
No.
What is the general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
In cellular respiration what is being oxidised and what is being recduced?
Carbon is being oxidised, and oxygen is being reduced.
What are the three main steps involved in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
Where does glycolysis occur? and what does it do?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, it works to break down glucose to produce 4ATP and 2NADH but requires 2ATP as input to function.
Where does the krebs cycle occur? and what does it do?
Occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria, and works to oxidise pyruviate to form citric acid and CO2 as by products. The H molecules are picked up by NAD+ so it becomes NADH (6Pyruvate creates 2ATP)
where does the electron transport chain occur? and what does it do?
Inner Mitochondria, chain of events that lead to the movement of electrons, 30 - 32 ATP produced.
What are the purine compounds that make up DNA?
Adenine and Guanine.
What are the pyrimidine compounds that make up DNA?
Cytosine and Thymine.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
A nitrogenous base (being adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) a Deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.
What is a nucleotide?
The building blocks of DNA and RNA.
What is an example of a Polysaccharide? and where is it found?
Starch, can be found mainly in plants but also in humans (glycogen) it makes up cellulose - for structure which is hard to break down.
What is hydrolysis?
The breaking down of a compound resulting in water.
What is Dehydration?
The bonding of a compound through the loss of a water molecule.
What is GIBBS free energy equation?
Delta G = Delta H - T Delta S.
Where H is the enthalpy, T is the temperature, and S is the entropy.
In GIBBS free energy equation what happens if delta G is less than 0?
A spontaneous exergonic reaction occurs, for example respiration.
In GIBBS free energy equation what happens if delta G is more than 0?
A spontaneous backward, endergonic reaction, for example photosynthesis.
What are the three main types of DNA replication?
Semi-conservative, conservative, and dispersive.
What are the laws of thermodynamics?
- The energy of the universe is constant
- Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. In biological terms this can be interpreted as “An open system requires constant energy input to maintain itself because it is always losing energy to the universe.
In cellular respiration what REDOX reactions occur?
Carbon atoms are oxidised (Lose H-, and gain O2+)
Oxygen atoms are reduced (Gain H+)
This H ion that is lost and gained in these reactions is in the form of NAD(H)
What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
“Light” and “Dark” reactions
What happens during a “Light” reaction in photosynthesis?
Input: Light, ADP +Pi, NADP+ and water
Output: ATP, NADPH and Oxygen
What happens during a “Dark” reaction in photosynthesis?
Input: CO2, ATP, NADPH
Output: Glucose, NADPH+ and ADP +P
