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Biology > Inheritance (17) > Flashcards

Inheritance (17) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the basic unit of heredity?

A

Gene

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2
Q

True or False: Alleles are different forms of a gene.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the phenotype of an organism?

A

The observable characteristics of an organism.

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4
Q

What does the term ‘homozygous’ mean?

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

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5
Q

What does the term ‘heterozygous’ mean?

A

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The physical expression of a genotype is called __________.

A

phenotype

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7
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism.

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8
Q

True or False: Dominant alleles are always expressed in the phenotype.

A

True

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9
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when two copies are present.

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10
Q

What is a Punnett square used for?

A

To predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

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11
Q

What does the term ‘sex-linked’ refer to?

A

Traits that are associated with genes located on sex chromosomes.

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12
Q

What is the role of a test cross?

A

To determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype.

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13
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross?

A

3:1

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14
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

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15
Q

What is codominance?

A

A situation where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The ABO blood group system is an example of __________ inheritance.

A

codominant

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17
Q

What is the purpose of a pedigree chart?

A

To trace the inheritance of traits across generations.

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18
Q

True or False: Autosomal recessive traits can skip generations.

A

True

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19
Q

What is epistasis?

A

The interaction between genes where the effect of one gene is modified by another gene.

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20
Q

What is the function of the SRY gene?

A

It determines male sex characteristics.

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21
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

A trait that is controlled by multiple genes.

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22
Q

What is the definition of genetic linkage?

A

The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of random assortment occurs during __________.

A

meiosis

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24
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes that are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.

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25
Q

True or False: Crossing over increases genetic variation.

A

True

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26
Q

What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

It describes the genetic variation of a population that is not evolving.

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27
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, and no gene flow.

28
Q

What is the formula for calculating allele frequencies in a population?

A

p + q = 1

29
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does ‘p²’ represent?

A

The frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype.

30
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does ‘2pq’ represent?

A

The frequency of the heterozygous genotype.

31
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does ‘q²’ represent?

A

The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype.

32
Q

What is the role of mutations in evolution?

A

They introduce new genetic variation into a population.

33
Q

True or False: Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies over time.

A

True

34
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A random change in allele frequencies in a population.

35
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another.

36
Q

What is a carrier in genetics?

A

An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele but does not express the trait.

37
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable characteristics.

38
Q

Fill in the blank: The law of segregation states that allele pairs separate during __________.

A

gamete formation

39
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

A trait that is expressed in the phenotype even when only one allele is present.

40
Q

What is the role of the chromosome in inheritance?

A

Chromosomes carry genes and determine genetic traits.

41
Q

True or False: All traits are determined by single genes.

A

False

42
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

A form of inheritance where the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygotes.

43
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross between individuals that differ in one trait.

44
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross between individuals that differ in two traits.

45
Q

What does the term ‘phenotypic ratio’ refer to?

A

The ratio of different phenotypes produced in a genetic cross.

46
Q

What is the expected genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross?

A

1:2:1

47
Q

Fill in the blank: The observable characteristics of an organism are referred to as its __________.

A

phenotype

48
Q

What is a test cross used for?

A

To determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype.

49
Q

What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

A

It increases genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

50
Q

What is a hybrid organism?

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.

51
Q

True or False: The environment can influence the expression of genes.

A

True

52
Q

What is the role of sex chromosomes in inheritance?

A

They determine the sex of an organism and carry sex-linked traits.

53
Q

What is a chromosome map?

A

A representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome.

54
Q

What is the expected outcome of a test cross involving a homozygous recessive individual?

A

The offspring will show the phenotype of the homozygous recessive individual if the tested individual is homozygous dominant.

55
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative traits?

A

Qualitative traits are categorical, while quantitative traits are measurable and can vary continuously.

56
Q

Fill in the blank: Genetic __________ is the study of how traits are passed from one generation to the next.

A

inheritance

57
Q

What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A

The law stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.

58
Q

What is the role of the X chromosome in sex-linked inheritance?

A

It carries genes that can affect traits in both males and females.

59
Q

What is a linkage map?

A

A diagram that shows the relative positions of genes on a chromosome.

60
Q

True or False: The Y chromosome is smaller than the X chromosome.

A

True

61
Q

What is a sex-linked trait?

A

A trait associated with a gene located on a sex chromosome.

62
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross involving two heterozygous parents?

A

9:3:3:1

63
Q

What does ‘P generation’ refer to in genetics?

A

The parental generation in a genetic cross.

64
Q

What does ‘F1 generation’ refer to in genetics?

A

The first filial generation, offspring of the P generation.

65
Q

What does ‘F2 generation’ refer to in genetics?

A

The second filial generation, offspring of the F1 generation.

66
Q

What is the significance of the law of dominance?

A

It states that in a heterozygote, one allele may mask the expression of another.

67
Q

What is the role of genetic recombination in evolution?

A

It increases genetic diversity within a population.

Biology (13 decks)

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