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Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How chromosomes separate during anaphase 1

A

Pairs of sister chromatids remain together but homologous pairs are separated

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2
Q

❗️

A

Eukaryotic body cells have diploid nucleus which contains 2 copies of each chromosome in homologous pairs

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3
Q

Karyotype:

A

Number and type of chromosomes in a nucleus

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4
Q

DNA of bacteria is naked it means….

A

Its not associated with proteins

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5
Q

❗️

A

early in the meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over and condensation follow

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6
Q

❗️

A

DNA replication occurs before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids

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7
Q

What are those 44 chromosomes other than sex chromosomes called?

A

Autosomes

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8
Q

In the case of studying the chromosomes and their unique banding patterns fill in the blanks.

“division is……. At the end of……. When chromosomes are……

A

Halted(stopped)

prophase

Condensed

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9
Q

Where do the chromosome prepared for study come from?

A

May be taken from amniotic fluid in the case of fetus

Or from blood samples

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10
Q

What does a karyogram show?and what information can be obtained from it

A

A karyogram shows the karyotype of the cell( the number and type of chromosome)

It indicates the sex of an individual bc it shows the sex chromosomes

In prenatal diagnosis it is possible to check for chromosome abnormalities ( such as those leading to Down syndrome)

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11
Q

State the reason for this statement

“An organism’s complexity is not proportional to its genome size. Nor is variation in genome size proportional to the number of genes “

A

This is due to the high proportion of Non-coding dna that is found in some organisms

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12
Q

In what stages of meiosis does non-disjunction occur?

A

Anaphase ll
Can also occur at anaphase l

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13
Q

What is genome size?

A

Is the total number of nucleotide base pairs within one copy of a single genome

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14
Q

Compare the number of DNA molecules in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:

A

Prokaryotic cells:just one circular DNA

Eukaryotic cells: 2 or more chromosome types

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15
Q

What is karyogram?

A

A Karyogram show’s chromosomes in homologous pairs arranged in order of Decreasing length

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16
Q

Lac operon:

A

An operon found in some bacteria that controles the production of bata-galactosidase/permease and transacetylase

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17
Q

Difference between plants and humans letter style of genes?

A

Plant genes have been given a 2 letter abbreviation

Most Human&raquo_space;3 letter

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18
Q

Regulatory gene:

A

A gene that codes for a protein that helps to control the expression of other genes

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19
Q

❗️

A

Homozygous plants lele are genetically dwarf(کوتوله) as they don’t have the active form of gibberllin

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20
Q

What are the properties of a blood sickle cell?

A

Less soluble/when in low oxygen concentration it deformes the red blood cells to sickle cell shaped

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21
Q

How does active gibberllin make plant go tall?

A

Active gibberllin stimulates cell division and cell elongation in the stem

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22
Q

How can a plant grow tall?

A

Dominant allele for tallness Le

Recessive allele le> if both are le plant stays short forever

The dominant allele of this gene regulates the synthesis of the last enzyme in a pathway that produces an active form of gibberllin

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23
Q

Alleles:

A

A variety of a gene

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24
Q

Bivalent:

A

Each pair if homologous chromosomes

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25
Q

How much chiasmata exist in each pair of homologous chromosomes ?

A

Almost Always at least one and often several

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26
Q

Prophase of meiosis |

A

Chromosomes that already has been copied condense and become visible

Chromosomes arrange themselves in homologous pairs (each pair of homologous chromosomes is called bivalent)

Chromatid of one of these chromosomes intertwine with the chromatid of other(crossing point is called chisma)

Crossing over may occur

Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of cell and form spindle fibres made from microtubules. they attach themselves to centromeres of homologous pairs of chromosomes

The nuclear envelope breaks down

Nucleolus disappears

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27
Q

Metaphase of meiosis |

A

Spindle fibres attached to centromere

Move the bivalents to the equator of the cell

Homologous chromosomes in each bivalent remain attached at the chiasmata

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28
Q

Anaphase meiosis |

A

Spindle begin to pull the centromeres

Two whole chromosomes in each bivalent are pulled apart

Centromeres remain intact continuing to hold two chromatids of one chromosome firmly together

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29
Q

Telophase of meiosis |

A

Chromo Arrive at opposite ends of the dividing cell

Fibers break down

In most animal cells a nuclear envelope forms around each set and nucleolus generally reforms(not happen in plan cells)

Reduction division happens. the original cell was diploid with two sets of chromosomes. The new cell is haploid

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30
Q

Crossing over
When does it happen

A

The exchange of alleles between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis one
Happens during prophase

31
Q

Meiosis ||:

A

Each of newly formed haploid cells undergo a division almost like mitosis

Overall result of meiosis is formation of 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell

32
Q

cells from meiosis division are not genetically identical although they contain on complete set of chromosomes carrying the same genes. The reason is because …

A

The alleles of these genes are not necessarily the same

33
Q

What is locus?plural (loci)

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome

34
Q

Chiasma :

A

A Opposition, which non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes crossover each other

35
Q

Is phenotype always affected by genes?

A

No the environment

36
Q

Mono hybrid inheritance :

A

Monohybrid cross is responsible for the inheritance of one gene.

37
Q

F1 generation:

A

Two homozygous individuals are crossed their offspring is definitely always a Heterozygous

38
Q

Dihybrid inheritance:

A

the inheritance of two genes that determine two different characteristics or influence the same characteristic

39
Q

F2 generation:

A

Offspring of a cross between two F1

40
Q

What is factor Vlll

A

Factor VIII is an essential blood-clotting protein, also known as anti-hemophilic factor. In humans, factor VIII is encoded by the F8 gene. Defects (نقص)in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked coagulation(انعقاد) disorder

41
Q

Carrier:

A

ناقل بدون علامت

42
Q

Independent assortment:

A

The production of different combinations of alleles in daughter cells as a result of random alignment of bivalents on the equator(استوا) of the spindle during METAPHASE |

43
Q

مقایسه کروموزم ایکس و وای:

A

کروموزوم وای کوتاهه و ژن های کمی داره

کروموزوم ایکس خیلی بلند تر و تقریبا بیشتر ژن ها در ان قرار دارند

44
Q

Sex linked genes:

A

refers to characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes

45
Q

The 9:9:3:1 is typical of a ………cross where both parents are………..at both gene loci

A

Dihybrid
Heterozygous

46
Q

Normal vs abnormal base sequence of bata globin polypeptide

A

Normal:CTT——->glutamic acid

Abnormal:CAT___>valin

47
Q

The loci of genes TYR(melanin) and HBB(bata globin) are found in which chromosome?

A

Chromosome 11

48
Q

Autosomal linkages:

A

when there are two gene loci found on the same autosomal chromosome, so they are quite likely to be inherited together

49
Q

Ebony body?

Aristopedia antannae?

A

ژن های ابنرمال برای بدن و انتن مگس دروسوفیلیا

بدن سیاه و بدون راه راه ابنرمال

و انتن های اریستوپدیا طور انتن های مگس رو شبیه به پایی میکنه که دوتا پنجه در انتهاش داره

50
Q

Chi squared test (X2)?

A

A statistical test that is used to determine whether differences between observed and expected results are significant

51
Q

What factor is totally or partially missing in the case of Albinism?

A

Dark pigment melanin

52
Q

Epistasis:

A

the phenomenon of one gene affecting the physical expression of another gene. when the phenotype of one locus masks, or prevents, the phenotype of another locus. Thus, following a dihybrid cross fewer than the typical four phenotypic classes will be observed with epistasis.

53
Q

Factors of environment that cause mutation are called…

A

Mutagenes(radiations or chemical substances)

54
Q

❗️

A

این ترجمه ژن هاست که به هر ارگانیسمی ویژگی خاص خودش رو میده

55
Q

Insertion of an incorrect nucleotide is called a …..

A

Base Substitution Mutation
جهش جایگزینی

56
Q

سلول داسی شکل قادر به حمل اکسیژن نیست

A

غلط

57
Q

What diseases does sickle cell anemia bring?

A

Carry less oxygen>anamia

They rapidly removed from the circulation>lack of blood cells

Jaundice (زردی)

Kidney problems

Enlargement of the spleen(بزرگ شدن طحال)

58
Q

The locus of the HTT gene is in chromosomes……and codes for the production of a protein called……..

A

4
Huntingtin

59
Q

How does a person develop huntington’s disease?

A

When the nucleotide sequence of this gene contains a larg number of repeated CAG triplets (stutterلکنت) over 40 repeating, neurone development is abnormal and the person develops Huntington’s disease

Numbers between 36 and 39 sometimes develope and sometimes not

60
Q

Describe levels of having huntington’s disease؟

A

Condition developes Until person gets older. Often no symptoms until person is 30-40

They began to lose their ability to control movement/walk/talk or think correctly

(Condition is fatal with death occurung 15-20 years after symptoms appear

61
Q

الل مغلوب ژن بلندی در گیاهان چجوری خودشونشون میده؟

lele

A

Recessive allele has one nucleotide that differs from the normal allele. This codes for Alanine instead of Threonine at one position in the primary structure of the enzyme near its active site producing a non functional enzyme

62
Q

Only tiny proportion of the genes present in the nucleus of a cell are actually expressed at any one time.

For example:

A

The gene for melanin production will never be expressed in your heart muscle cells

63
Q

Bata galactosidase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose

64
Q

Structural gene:

A

A gene that codes for a protein that has a function within the cell

65
Q

Operon:

A

A functional unit of transportation; a cluster (group) of genes that are controlled by the same promoter(پیش برنده)

66
Q

Inducible enzyme:القایی

A

An enzyme that is synthesized only when its substrate is present

67
Q

Repressible enzyme;قابل سرکوب

A

An enzyme that is normally produced and whose synthesis is prevented by the presence of an effector

68
Q

Transcription factor:

A

A molecule that affects whether or not a gene is transcribed

69
Q

Recombinants: نوترکیب

A

Offsprings that shows different combinations of characteristics from their parents

70
Q

❗️

A

ژن بخشی از دی ان ای است که پس از رونویسی و ترجمه به شکل یک پلی پپتید خاص درمیاد

71
Q

Function of huntingtin protein

A

دانشمندا هنوز دقیق نمیدونن عملکردش چیه ولی اینجور میدونن که برای ارتقای نورون ها مفیده مخصوصا نورون های مغز

72
Q

Parental type:

A

Offspring that shows the same combinations of characteristics as their parents

73
Q

Most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon so so many substitution mutuations….and it is called…..

A

Have no effect on the final polypeptide

And it is called Neutral mutation (خنثی)

74
Q

Process of melanin production:

A

Tyrosine>DOPA(tyrosinase)>Dopaquinone > melanin

Biology (12 decks)

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