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Biology Paper 2 > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • A sequence of DNA bases that codes for a protein
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2
Q

What is an allele?

A
  • Different variations of the same gene
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3
Q

What is a genotype?

A
  • The genetic makeup of an organism (physically visible and non-expressed)
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4
Q

What is a phenotype?

A
  • Observable traits expressed by an organism
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5
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A
  • Gene separate independently of each other
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6
Q

What is codominance?

A
  • When both alleles are expressed simultaneously in a heterozygote
  • None of the alleles are recessive
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7
Q

What is linkage?

A
  • When genes that are close together on a chromosome are likely to be inherited together
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8
Q

What are autosomes?

A
  • All chromosomes bar the sex ones
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9
Q

What is recombination?

A
  • When multiple sections on a homologous chromosome are exchanged
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10
Q

What is hemizygosity?

A
  • When there is no role of dominance or recessiveness
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11
Q

What is epistasis?

A
  • When a gene is one location can mask the expression of another gene
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12
Q

What is recessive epistsais?

A
  • When the epistatic allele is recessive

- So 2 copies are needed

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13
Q

What is dominant epistasis?

A
  • When the epistatic allele is dominant

- Only 1 copy must be present

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14
Q

When is a chi-squared test used?

A
  • Variation is discrete not continuous eg, Categories

- Data shows absolute numbers, normally frequencies

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15
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A
  • There is no significant difference between observed and expected data, difference is due to chance
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16
Q

What are the degrees of freedom?

A
  • Number of categories - 1
17
Q

When do you accept the null?

A
  • When the chi-squared value is lower than the critical value
  • So the difference is due to chance
18
Q

When do you reject the null?

A
  • When the chi-squared value is higher than the critical

- So the difference is not due to chance

19
Q

What are the steps to finding chi-squared?

A
  • Calculate expected value
  • Calculate chi-squared
  • Find critical value
  • Accept or reject the null hypothesis
20
Q

What is the ratio for dominant epistasis?

A

12:3:4

Biology Paper 2 (10 decks)

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