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Biology Paper 2 > Gene Technologies > Flashcards

Gene Technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is DNA considered a universal code?

A

Every organism uses the same 4 bases; A, T, C, G

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2
Q

What are DNA fragments?

A

Sections of DNA that are transferred

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3
Q

3 different ways DNA fragments can be made

A
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Gene Machine
  • Restriction endonuclease
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4
Q

What is reverse transcriptase and how is it used?

A
  • An enzyme that converts single stranded mRNA to double stranded DNA
  • The DNA it produces is called cDNA(complementary DNA)
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5
Q

How is reverse transcriptase used to make recombinant DNA?

A
  • mRNA with target gene is isolated
  • mRNA is mixed with reverse transcriptase
  • Reverse transcriptase converts mRNA to cDNA
  • cDNA can now be used to make recombinant DNA
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6
Q

What are recognition sequences?

A

Sections of DNA where the base sequences has palindromic base pairs

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7
Q

What do restriction endonucleases do?

A

Bind to recognition sequences

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8
Q

How is a DNA fragment produced using restriction endonuclease?

A
  • DNA containing the target gene is mixed with restriction endonuclease
  • Restriction endonuclease binds to the recognition sequences on either side of the target gene
  • So the target gene is cut out
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9
Q

How to make DNA fragments using a gene machine?

A
  • The target gene sequence is taken from a database
  • Nucleotides are added in the correct order to synthesise the correct base sequence
  • Protecting groups are added so no side branches are produced
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10
Q

How are DNA fragments amplified? (In Vivo)

A
  • Vector DNA is cut up by restriction endonuclease to leave sticky ends
  • DNA fragments have complementary sticky ends
  • Sticky ends of the DNA fragment and DNA vector bind together by DNA ligase during ligation
  • Vector transports the recombinant DNA to host cell - plasmid taken up by heat shock, bacteriophage; DNA injected
  • Marker genes are added alongside antibiotic resistance
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11
Q

How can transformed DNA be recognised?

A
  • Place them on an agar plate with antibiotics
  • Cells that have recombinant DNA will survive
  • So they can be grown in large numbers to amplify target gene
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12
Q

How are DNA fragments amplified? (In Vitro, PCR)

A
  • DNA fragments are mixed with primers, DNA polymerase and free nucleotides
  • Reaction is heated to 95℃, then cooled to 65℃ so the primers can anneal to the 2 separate strands
  • It is then heated to 72℃, DNA polymerase produces 2 separate and adds the complementary free nucleotides
  • Process is repeated
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13
Q

How does recombinant DNA improve crop yield?

A
  • Increases resistance to disease
  • Increases tolerance to herbicides and pesticides
  • Increases tolerance to adverse environmental conditions
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14
Q

How does recombinant DNA make livestock more economically viable?

A
  • Makes them grow faster and larger

- Increases resistance to disease

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15
Q

How is recombinant DNA used is medicine?

A
  • To produce drugs and hormones

- Manufacture enzymes

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16
Q

Ethical issues with recombinant DNA

A
  • Modified genes can spread to other organisms where it is harmful eg, bacteria or organic crops
  • Could lead to reduce diversity
  • Decreased income for low income countries where these products come from
  • The use of recombinant DNA could to selecting traits in embryos
17
Q

Gene therapy procedure

A
  • Introduction of target gene into the genome
  • The target gene is then transcribed and translated to produce desired protein
  • Protein counteracts the effect of the disease
18
Q

What is somatic therapy?

A
  • altering alleles in adult body cells
19
Q

What is germline therapy?

A
  • altering alleles in sex cells
20
Q

What is a DNA probe?

A
  • A section of single stranded DNA

- Complementary to the DNA of the target gene

21
Q

What is hybridisation?

A
  • When the complementary base sequence bind to the DNA probe sequence
22
Q

How are DNA probes used in diagnoses?

A
  • DNA probes are labelled with radioactive phosphate or fluorescent tag
  • If the disease causing allele is hybridised, the label would be detected
23
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A
  • Technique that separates DNA fragments according to size
  • DNA probes that are labelled with fluorescent tags are washed over
  • DNA probes hybridise with complementary fragments
24
Q

What are microarrays?

A
  • Technique that use many DNA probes at once
  • It has many indents which contain a DNA probe for a specific gene
  • The fluorescent tagged DNA is washed over
  • Complementary fragments will hybridise with DNA probe
25
Q

What can genetic screening be used for?

A
  • If an individual is a carrier of a genetic disease
  • If an individual is at a greater risk of developing a disease
  • How likely an individual will respond to a specific drug
26
Q

What are VNTRs?

A
  • Sections of DNA that repeats

- Variable number tandem repeats

27
Q

The function of VNTRs?

A
  • To allow comparison between individuals, as it is very unlikely that individuals will have the exact same number of VNTRs in the same place
28
Q

How is DNA amplified for electropheresis?

A
  • Using PCR
29
Q

How are the DNA fragments recognised?

A
  • Due to the fluorescent tags
30
Q

How are the DNA fragments inserted into the well?

A
  • At the negative end, in gel that conducts electricity
31
Q

What determines the lengths of the DNA fragments?

A
  • The number of repeats of the VNTRs
32
Q

What can genetic fingerprints be used for?

A
  • Genetic relationships
  • Genetic variability
  • Forensic science
  • Medical diagnosis
  • Inbreeding
33
Q

How can you see a fluorescent tag?

A
  • Using UV light
34
Q

How can you see a radioactive tag?

A
  • Using X-ray film

Biology Paper 2 (10 decks)

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