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Anaesthesia - General Surgery > Inhalational Anaesthesics > Flashcards

Inhalational Anaesthesics Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of inhalational anaesthesia

A
  • Any disease of lungs will affect uptake
  • Rate of exchange of gas is inversely proportional to its solubility in fluids
  • At least 33% of inspired gas should be oxygen (increasing with volatility of the substance)
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2
Q

Examples of inhalational anaesthesia

A

Nitrous acid
Halothane
Isoflurane

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3
Q

Disadvantage of halothane?

A

Causes liver toxicity

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4
Q

Types of anaesthesia breathing circuits?

A
  1. Without rebreathing system

2. With rebreathing system

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5
Q

Describe a “without rebreathing system” circuit

A

Open - simple, increasing consumption and polluting air

Semiopen - inspiration from bag of evaporated anaesthesia. Expiration into air.

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6
Q

Explain a “with rebreathing system” circuit

A

Semiclosed - partial reinspiration of expired gas. Reabsorbant may be used

Closed - patient hermetically attached to system

  • To and fro - mixture of inspired and expired gases pass through soda lime absorber
  • circle - inspired and expired gas pass through separately
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7
Q

Advantages of inhalational anaesthesia?

A

Good management possibilities during surgery
Easily prolonged
Low risk of complication
Rapid recovery without excitation

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8
Q

Disadvantages of inhalational anaesthesia?

A

Complicated technical management
Need training
Need specialised equipment - expensive

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9
Q

Inhalational anaesthesia technique in a horse and ruminants

A
  • Endotracheal tube inserted into pre-anaesthetised horse
  • Care taken to ensure horse is not injured when it falls (during induction)
  • Care must be taken to avoid myopathy during prolonged surgery
  • Circle system normally used, under low flow system (2-4lt/min)
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10
Q

Injectable premed for a horse?

A 
Atropine (SC/IM)
Xylazine (IV)
Detomidine (IM)
Guaifensin (IV)
Thiopental (IV)
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11
Q

Inhalational anaesthesia technique in pigs?

A

Endotracheal tube is inserted with the aid of myorelaxants

System designed for dogs used for small pigs, and horses used for large pigs

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12
Q

Injectable premed for ruminants?

A

Acepromazine
Xylazine
Diazepam
Detomidine

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13
Q

Inhalational anaesthesia technique in dogs?

A

Endotracheal tube inserted while anaesthetised and laterally recumbent
Substances added slowly as to not startle animal (unless already premedicated)

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14
Q

Premedication used in dogs

A 
Atropine
Chloropromazine
Thiopental
Atropine
Xylazine
Ketamine
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15
Q

Premed used in cats

A

Atropine

Acepromazine

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16
Q

What inhalational anaesthetics should be used in dogs and cats?

A

Isoflurane (2.5-4.5% induction, 1-3% maintenance)
Sevoflurane
Desflurane
Halothane (2-4% induction, 1% maintenance)
Nitrous oxide

17
Q

Define minimal alveolar concentration, and its importance?

A

Concentration of vapour in the lungs that is needed to prevent movement in 50% of subjects in response to pain.
Used to compare strength/potency of anaesthesia vapours

18
Q

What is the blood:gas coefficient?

A

Rate of the agent being taken up by the body. Represents the solubility in the blood and tissue and alveolar blood flow

19
Q

How does ventilation affect inhalational anaesthesia?

A

Determines the speed of anaesthesic induction by controlling the supply of inhalant agent to the alveoli and replacing agent removed by uptake in the body.

20
Q

Desoflurane?

A

Has the lowest B:G and relative potency. This makes it advantageous for induction and recovery speed, and ability to alter depth during surgery

21
Q

Describe recovery?

A

When the concentration in the CNS has low enough for the animal to regain consciousness.

22
Q

Parts to the inhalational device?

A
  • Oxygen source
  • Anaesthetic source
  • Breathing circuit
  • Other (face masks and endotracheal tubes)
23
Q

Parts to the the oxygen source?

A
  • Oxygen cylinder
  • Pressure gauge
  • Pressure regulator
  • Flowmeter (reads rate of air flow)
  • Pipeline system
  • Oxygen failure warning device
24
Q

Parts to the anaesthetic source?

A
  • Vaporiser
25
Q

Parts to the breathing circuit?

A
  • Without rebreathing system
  • With rebreathing system
  • CO2 reabsorbent canister

Anaesthesia - General Surgery (10 decks)

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