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ipt > information systems and databases > Flashcards

information systems and databases Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of an information system (2)

A

organisation of data into information
analysing of informaiton to give knowledege

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2
Q

some systems are used to (4)

A

process transactions
provide users with informaiton about organisations
help decision-making
manage information used within an organisation

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3
Q

RTA

A

Roads and Traffic Authority
hold info on automobiles and holders of drivers licenses
automobile need to be registered to use the roads

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4
Q

non-computer methods of organising (2)

A

telephone books
card based applications

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5
Q

computer based methods of organising (3)

A

flat-file systems
database management systems
hypermedia

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6
Q

flat-file systems

A

database in which data is stored and retrieved fro one table
organise data using data structures

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7
Q

data structures in flat-file (4)

A

files
records
fields
characters

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8
Q

flat-file is suitable for

A

small applicaitons

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9
Q

hypermedia

A

provides multimedia facilities e.g. sound and video

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10
Q

hypertext

A

software system allowing cross-referencing between related sections of text and associated graphic material

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11
Q

advantages of non-computer organising (6)

A

does not require computer, power supply or batteries
may be portable
no special skills/training needed
small amount of data can be quickly and easily retrieved and no excessive processing is needed
no expensive hardware/software
non-computer storage may be more secure through locked drawer/offices (not accessible across network)

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12
Q

disadvantages of non-computer organising (6)

A

may be destroyed
if large may take a long time to search for specific data
if items are incorrectly filed its hard to find
may require more work to display retrieved info
access is ususally by one methods only (e.g. alphabetically)
usually only one person can access data at one time

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13
Q

computer based organisation methods

A

specific programs used (e.g. microsoft access)

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14
Q

advantages of computer based organising (6)

A

faster to search
data can be easily exchanged between applicantions and over networks
vast amount of data can be stored in small amoutn fo space
manipulation and analysis is more accurate and faster
data does not need to be in a set order
data is presented in a variety of ways
data can be easily edited

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15
Q

disadvantages of computer based orgaising

A

data can only be accessed with computer and maybe specific software
training is usually required
exchange of data with other computers creates problems of security and confidentiallity

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16
Q

flat file (files)

A

block of data stored as a unit of data using a unique identifier (file name)
diided into set of related records

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17
Q

flat file (records)

A

collection of facts about one specific entry in a database
divided into one or more related fields

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18
Q

flat file (fields, key fields)

A

specific category of data in a database
data items in field are made up of characters

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19
Q

flat file (characters)

A

smallest unit of data people can use
include letters, numbers and special symbols

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20
Q

relational database

A

database in which data is organised in a series of relationships or 2d tables

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21
Q

logical organisation of relational databases includes (4)

A

schemas
tables as implementation of entities
linking table using primary and fireign keys
user views for different purposes

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22
Q

schema

A

organised plan of entire database showing how and where data is found, descriptionf of data and data’s logical relationships

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23
Q

a schema is also called

A

entity relationship diagram

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24
Q

entities

A

specific thing about which information is collected and store
flat file would have to seperate file for each one
seperate table in schema

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25
Q

attributes

A

defined property of etitiy
fields in flat file

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26
Q

relationships

A

one to one
many to many
one to many
many to one
key field used to link entities
join primary key of one and foreign key of another

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27
Q

attributes in tables

A

columns which represent data fields

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28
Q

redords in table

A

rows (tuples) represent recrods

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29
Q

primary key

A

a field that stores data that uniquely identifies the records
usually id number that is assigned to record

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30
Q

foreign key

A

attribute is primary key of another table

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31
Q

normalisation

A

process fo removing redundancies in the table and fields to produce a set of table which are flexible and easier to maintain

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32
Q

normalisaiton leads to

A

more tables and relationships

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33
Q

normalisation improves

A

data integriy and reduces possiblity of anomalies occuring in data

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34
Q

anomalies in unnormalised table structures are caused by (3)

A

insertion
deletion
updating

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35
Q

insertation

A

data being added may not be consistent with the data already in table relating to same facts

36
Q

deletion

A

when data is repeated only some of the data may be deleted
leaves recrods in the database which should not be there

37
Q

updating

A

if data is repeated, update routine might only update some of the records
causes incsistancies between records about some facts

38
Q

how many normal forms can a databse be in

A

6

39
Q

first normal form

A

any flat table if no repeating fields or groups

40
Q

why is 1nf bad

A

lots of redundant data

41
Q

collecting

A

input process

42
Q

organising

A

determines format which data is presented

43
Q

analysing

A

data is interpreted, transforming it into information

44
Q

sotring and retireving

A

data and infro are saved and accessed later

45
Q

processing

A

manipulates data and info by updating and editing

46
Q

transmitting and receiving

A

sends and receives data and info within and between systems

47
Q

displaying

A

controls format info is presented to participant/user, outputs info from system

48
Q

html tags are

A

metadata

49
Q

node

A

connection point among other devices

50
Q

storyboards

A

represent data organised using hyperlinks

51
Q

tools for organising hypermedia

A

stroyboards
software that allows text, graphics and sounds to be hyperlinks

52
Q

dbms

A

database management systems

53
Q

centralised database

A

a type of database that is stored, located as well as maintained at a single location only

54
Q

distributed database

A

a database that runs and stores data across multiple computers, as opposed to doing everything on a single machine

55
Q

example fo storage media

A

hards disk
cd-roms
cartridge and tape

56
Q

tools for data base storage and retrieval

A

extracting relevant info through searching and sorting a database

57
Q

sorting

A

most obvious way of arranging data

58
Q

methods of arranging data (3)

A

ascending order
descending order
multiple-field sourcing

59
Q

ascending order

A

data is arranged from smallest to largest (a to z or 0 to 9)

60
Q

descending order

A

data is arranged from largest to smallest (z to a or 9 to 0)

61
Q

multiple-fields sorting

A

more than one criteria is used for the sort
e.g. school database first name and last name

62
Q

searching

A

process of examining database to retrieve data

63
Q

effective searches

A

reading through table or using find and search common

64
Q

most efficient way to search in large database

A

query

65
Q

query

A

search of database for records that meet certain condition

66
Q

results of query

A

displayed in table but used as basis of form, report, graph or another query

67
Q

query by example

A

used by participants with no programming training
provides form allowing users to indicate data they are searching fir
linked by relaitonal or logical operators

68
Q

commands used to query

A

query by example
structured query language

69
Q

structured query language

A

specialised language designed to search database
used to access and manipulate data in relational database

70
Q

sql keywords

A

select
from
where
order by

71
Q

operators (2)

A

relational operators
logical operators

72
Q

relational operator

A

character/symbols indicatinf relationship between two expressions

73
Q

wildcard characters

A

represent one or more unknown character
e.g. *, ? etc.

74
Q

logical operators

A

AND, OR, NOT
usd to combine queries so a search is carried out on one or more fields

75
Q

tools for hypermedia search and retrieval (2)

A

free text searching
operation of a search engine

76
Q

operation of a search engine

A

indxing and search robots
metadata

77
Q

layouts of reports (2)

A

tabular
column

78
Q

tabular layout

A

displaying with fields extending across page

79
Q

column layout

A

displays data with fields going down the page

80
Q

database report functions (4)

A

count
sum
average
perform calculation of certain functions

81
Q

database reports have (4)

A

report header
page header
deatils
report footer

82
Q

form

A

obtains different views of database
used to view, enter and change data in a table for data entry
used to display information for different purposes

83
Q

online analytical processing

A

software technology used to analyse business data from different points of view

84
Q

online transaction processing

A

type of data processing that consists of executing a number of trasactions occuring concurrently

85
Q

data mining

A

process of sorting through large data sets to identify patterns and relationships that can help solve business problems through data analysis

86
Q

data warehouse

A

data management system designed to enable and support business intelligence activities

ipt (5 decks)

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