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information systems and databases Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of an information system (2)

A

organisation of data into information
analysing of informaiton to give knowledege

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2
Q

some systems are used to (4)

A

process transactions
provide users with informaiton about organisations
help decision-making
manage information used within an organisation

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3
Q

RTA

A

Roads and Traffic Authority
hold info on automobiles and holders of drivers licenses
automobile need to be registered to use the roads

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4
Q

non-computer methods of organising (2)

A

telephone books
card based applications

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5
Q

computer based methods of organising (3)

A

flat-file systems
database management systems
hypermedia

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6
Q

flat-file systems

A

database in which data is stored and retrieved fro one table
organise data using data structures

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7
Q

data structures in flat-file (4)

A

files
records
fields
characters

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8
Q

flat-file is suitable for

A

small applicaitons

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9
Q

hypermedia

A

provides multimedia facilities e.g. sound and video

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10
Q

hypertext

A

software system allowing cross-referencing between related sections of text and associated graphic material

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11
Q

advantages of non-computer organising (6)

A

does not require computer, power supply or batteries
may be portable
no special skills/training needed
small amount of data can be quickly and easily retrieved and no excessive processing is needed
no expensive hardware/software
non-computer storage may be more secure through locked drawer/offices (not accessible across network)

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12
Q

disadvantages of non-computer organising (6)

A

may be destroyed
if large may take a long time to search for specific data
if items are incorrectly filed its hard to find
may require more work to display retrieved info
access is ususally by one methods only (e.g. alphabetically)
usually only one person can access data at one time

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13
Q

computer based organisation methods

A

specific programs used (e.g. microsoft access)

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14
Q

advantages of computer based organising (6)

A

faster to search
data can be easily exchanged between applicantions and over networks
vast amount of data can be stored in small amoutn fo space
manipulation and analysis is more accurate and faster
data does not need to be in a set order
data is presented in a variety of ways
data can be easily edited

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15
Q

disadvantages of computer based orgaising

A

data can only be accessed with computer and maybe specific software
training is usually required
exchange of data with other computers creates problems of security and confidentiallity

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16
Q

flat file (files)

A

block of data stored as a unit of data using a unique identifier (file name)
diided into set of related records

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17
Q

flat file (records)

A

collection of facts about one specific entry in a database
divided into one or more related fields

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18
Q

flat file (fields, key fields)

A

specific category of data in a database
data items in field are made up of characters

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19
Q

flat file (characters)

A

smallest unit of data people can use
include letters, numbers and special symbols

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20
Q

relational database

A

database in which data is organised in a series of relationships or 2d tables

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21
Q

logical organisation of relational databases includes (4)

A

schemas
tables as implementation of entities
linking table using primary and fireign keys
user views for different purposes

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22
Q

schema

A

organised plan of entire database showing how and where data is found, descriptionf of data and data’s logical relationships

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23
Q

a schema is also called

A

entity relationship diagram

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24
Q

entities

A

specific thing about which information is collected and store
flat file would have to seperate file for each one
seperate table in schema

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25
attributes
defined property of etitiy fields in flat file
26
relationships
one to one many to many one to many many to one key field used to link entities join primary key of one and foreign key of another
27
attributes in tables
columns which represent data fields
28
redords in table
rows (tuples) represent recrods
29
primary key
a field that stores data that uniquely identifies the records usually id number that is assigned to record
30
foreign key
attribute is primary key of another table
31
normalisation
process fo removing redundancies in the table and fields to produce a set of table which are flexible and easier to maintain
32
normalisaiton leads to
more tables and relationships
33
normalisation improves
data integriy and reduces possiblity of anomalies occuring in data
34
anomalies in unnormalised table structures are caused by (3)
insertion deletion updating
35
insertation
data being added may not be consistent with the data already in table relating to same facts
36
deletion
when data is repeated only some of the data may be deleted leaves recrods in the database which should not be there
37
updating
if data is repeated, update routine might only update some of the records causes incsistancies between records about some facts
38
how many normal forms can a databse be in
6
39
first normal form
any flat table if no repeating fields or groups
40
why is 1nf bad
lots of redundant data
41
collecting
input process
42
organising
determines format which data is presented
43
analysing
data is interpreted, transforming it into information
44
sotring and retireving
data and infro are saved and accessed later
45
processing
manipulates data and info by updating and editing
46
transmitting and receiving
sends and receives data and info within and between systems
47
displaying
controls format info is presented to participant/user, outputs info from system
48
html tags are
metadata
49
node
connection point among other devices
50
storyboards
represent data organised using hyperlinks
51
tools for organising hypermedia
stroyboards software that allows text, graphics and sounds to be hyperlinks
52
dbms
database management systems
53
centralised database
a type of database that is stored, located as well as maintained at a single location only
54
distributed database
a database that runs and stores data across multiple computers, as opposed to doing everything on a single machine
55
example fo storage media
hards disk cd-roms cartridge and tape
56
tools for data base storage and retrieval
extracting relevant info through searching and sorting a database
57
sorting
most obvious way of arranging data
58
methods of arranging data (3)
ascending order descending order multiple-field sourcing
59
ascending order
data is arranged from smallest to largest (a to z or 0 to 9)
60
descending order
data is arranged from largest to smallest (z to a or 9 to 0)
61
multiple-fields sorting
more than one criteria is used for the sort e.g. school database first name and last name
62
searching
process of examining database to retrieve data
63
effective searches
reading through table or using find and search common
64
most efficient way to search in large database
query
65
query
search of database for records that meet certain condition
66
results of query
displayed in table but used as basis of form, report, graph or another query
67
query by example
used by participants with no programming training provides form allowing users to indicate data they are searching fir linked by relaitonal or logical operators
68
commands used to query
query by example structured query language
69
structured query language
specialised language designed to search database used to access and manipulate data in relational database
70
sql keywords
select from where order by
71
operators (2)
relational operators logical operators
72
relational operator
character/symbols indicatinf relationship between two expressions
73
wildcard characters
represent one or more unknown character e.g. *, ? etc.
74
logical operators
AND, OR, NOT usd to combine queries so a search is carried out on one or more fields
75
tools for hypermedia search and retrieval (2)
free text searching operation of a search engine
76
operation of a search engine
indxing and search robots metadata
77
layouts of reports (2)
tabular column
78
tabular layout
displaying with fields extending across page
79
column layout
displays data with fields going down the page
80
database report functions (4)
count sum average perform calculation of certain functions
81
database reports have (4)
report header page header deatils report footer
82
form
obtains different views of database used to view, enter and change data in a table for data entry used to display information for different purposes
83
online analytical processing
software technology used to analyse business data from different points of view
84
online transaction processing
type of data processing that consists of executing a number of trasactions occuring concurrently
85
data mining
process of sorting through large data sets to identify patterns and relationships that can help solve business problems through data analysis
86
data warehouse
data management system designed to enable and support business intelligence activities

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