information processing Flashcards
Ecological IP theory
how motor programming interacts with the environment to perform a goal oriented behavior
-organization of the motor output is specific to the task
Cognitive IP theory
Humans interact with the environment as processors of information
- storage,coding,retrieval,transformation of info
- motor behavior & output
Basic Assumptions of IP
processes via a series of systems:
- attention
- STM
- perception
Does IP in humans resemble computers?
Central processor of limited capacity
combine info presented with stored info
humans can process more than 1 thing at a time (parallel processing)
Serial Processing
- single channel models
- one thing being processed at a time
- controlled IP
Parallel Processing
- multiple channel pathways
- processing more than 1 thing at a time
- automatic IP
Three stages of IP
Stimulus Identification
Response selection
Response Processing
Stimulus Identification
-detection of sensory stimuli & neural encoding of info
2 substages of stimulus Identification
- stimulus detection
- pattern recognition
pattern recognition
-decipher patterns of stimuli both static & dynamic
static=recognizing familiar face (object not moving)
dynamic=car driving towards you (object constantly changing)
stimulus detection
-stimulus from env processed @ diff levels until memory is contacted
Response Selection
Selection of which motor response to execute
Hick’s Law
inc # of stimulus response=inc time
-more choices you have the longer it takes to chose one
Fitt’s Law
the more complex the response, the longer the section time
-more info there is to process, longer it takes to select a response
What affects response selection?
- performance
- practice
- 3 of stimulus responses available
- stimulus response compatibility (stronger w/ learned associations)
Response Processing
organization and initiation of motor process
Henry-Rogers experiments
- inc complexity of a response that needs programing=inc RT
- more time to process movements, increase accuracy demand, and longer movement durations
factors affecting response programming
- # of movements (that need to be programmed)
- movement duration
- Movement accuracy
Anticipation
ability to predict occurrence of external stimuli & select appropriate response to it
3 types of anticipation
- perceptual: predictability from previous knowledge & experience
- effector: how long is it going to take something to move
- receptor: (mechanoréçtors) detection of sensations
Spatial (event) Anticipation
aware of the type of stimulus that could be present and what subsequent responses would be required
-advanced info allows for response programming before stimulus has arrived–>decreased RT
Temporal Anticipation
anticipation of when stimulus will arrive can lead to large decrease in RT
Foreperiods
period of time prior to stimulus onset
-constant vs variable=variable in RT
constant & short foreperiods=shortest reaction times
Cost Benefit analysis of anticipation
- respond quickly if anticipate correctly
- anticipate incorrectly->costs time b/c have to undo and replay appropriate motor plan, inc run time
- situation/task dependent
Automatic processing
neuronal activation in response to stimuli
parallel in nature
greater capacity/fast acting
Controlled Processing
requires selective attention
serial in nature
slow process
Other things impacting IP
- Attention
- Arousal
- Anxiety
Anxiety
distress about future events and uncertainties
-anxiety inc arousal levels
Arousal
can have increased arousal w/out inc in anxiety
too-high–>goof for gross motor
too-low–> good for fine motor
Inverted U Principle
there is an optimal level of arousal for each task
IP under High arousal
perceptual narrowing
hypervigalence
Perceptual narrowing
“tunnel vision”
- increased focus on stimuli related to the task at hand vs irrelevant stimuli
- dec ability to perceive other stimuli that may be important for the task later on
Hypervigalance/Panic
severe stress which leads to severely disrupted actions
-freezing
