Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection > Influenza/Immunisation/Travel > Flashcards

Influenza/Immunisation/Travel Flashcards

1
Q

When does seasonal influenza occur in the Northern Hemisphere?

A

In the winter months (Dec-Feb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which groups of Influenza virus infect only humans?

A

IfB and IfC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of the surface protein ‘Haemagglutinin’ in Influenza virus?

A

Facilitates viral attachment and entry to host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the purpose of the surface protein ‘Neuraminidase’ in Influenza virus?

A

Enables new virion to be released from host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the term given for the genetic change that enables a flu strain to jump from one animal species to another?

A

Antigenic Shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can antigenic shift do to two or more different strains of virus?

A

Combine to form new subtypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics that make pandemic flu different to seasonal flu?

A
  • Occurs sporadically (as opposed to every winter)
  • Affects 25%+ of the population (as opposed to 10-15%)
  • More serious, more complications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the requirements that would classify something as a pandemic?

A
  • Human pathogenicity
  • ‘New’ virus (antigenic shift) - susceptible population
  • Efficient person-person transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does avian flu spread?

A

Direct contact with infected birds, dead or alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What groups of people does immunisation apply to?

A
  • Childhood schedule
  • Special patient groups
  • Occupational
  • Travelers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What groups of people may prophylaxis apply to?

A
  • Travelers
  • Post-exposure
  • Post-exposure (HIV)
  • Surgical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What types of things compose vaccines?

A
  • Live attenuated
  • Inactivated
  • Detoxified exotoxins
  • Subunits of micro-organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List some live attenuated vaccines?

A 
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
BCG
Varicella-zoster virus
Yellow fever
Smallpox
Typhoid (oral)
Polio (oral)
Rotavirus (oral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some inactivated vaccines?

A 
Polio (in combined vaccine D/T/P/Hib)
Hepatitis A
Cholera (oral)
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Influenza
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do detoxified exotoxin vaccines become detoxified?

A

Treatment with formalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some detoxified exotoxin vaccines?

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List some subunit vaccines?

A

Pertussis (acellular)
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Meningococcus (group C) conjugated: capsular polysaccharide antigen & Corynebacterium diphtheria protein

Pneumococcus
Typhoid
Anthrax
Hepatitis B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is included in the so-called ‘6 in 1’ vaccine?

A 
D	=	purified diphtheria toxoid
T	=	purified tetanus toxoid
aP	=	purified Bordetella pertussis 
IPV=	inactivated polio virus
Hib=	purified component of Haemophilus 			influenzae b
HBV=	hepatitis B rDNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the first vaccines in the UK Childhood Immunisation Schedule, given at 2 months?

A

2 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + rotavirus + Men B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What vaccine is given from 2-8 years in the UK Childhood Immunisation schedule?

A

Influenza nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What vaccine is given from 12-13 years to girls in the UK Childhood Immunisation schedule?

A

HPV

22
Q

What special patient/occupational groups may be given BCG vaccine?

A
  • Some infants (0-12 months)
  • Children screened at school for TB risk factors, tested and vaccinated if appropriate
  • New immigrants (previously unvaccinated) from high prevalence countries for TB
  • Contacts (<35yrs) of resp TB patients
  • Healthcare workers
23
Q

What would be some indications for influenza vaccine?

A 
Age >65 years
Nursing home residents
Some health care workers
Immunodeficiency, 
Immunosuppression
Asplenia/hyposplenism
Chronic liver disease 
Chronic renal disease
Chronic cardiac disease
Chronic lung disease
Diabetes mellitus 
Coeliac disease
Pregnant women
24
Q

What would be indications for hepatitis B vaccination?

A
  • All new born children from 2018 (6-in-1)
  • Children at high risk of exposure to HBV
  • Health care workers, PWID, MSM, prisoners, ch. liver disease, ch. kidney disease,
  • Given at 0, 1 month,2 months and 1 year
25
Q

What would be indications for varicella-zoster (chickenpox) vaccination?

A
  • patients who have a suppressed immune systems, for examplehaving cancer treatment or organ transplant
  • children if in contact with those at risk of severe vzv
  • Health case workers (if sero-neg and in contact with patients)
26
Q

What would be indications for herpes-zoster vaccination?

A

All elderly patients (70-80yrs)

27
Q

What antibodies does human normal immunoglobin contain?

A

Antibodies against hep A, rubella and measles.

28
Q

What are indications for passive immunisation using human normal immunoglobin?

A
  • Immunoglobulin deficiencies

- Treatment of autoimmune disorgers, e.g. myasthenia gravis

29
Q

List some disease specific immunoglobulins?

A 
hepatitis B Ig
rabies Ig
tetanus anti-toxin Ig
Varicella zoster (chickenpox) Ig 
diphtheria anti-toxin Ig (horse)
botulinum anti-toxin Ig
30
Q

What factors should be taken into account in a risk assessment of immunisation and prophylaxis for travellers?

A 
Health of Traveller
Previous immunisation and prophylaxis 
Area to be visited 
Duration of visit
Accommodation
Activities
Remote areas
Recent outbreaks
31
Q

What sources can be consulted for up to date travel vaccination/prophylaxis information?

A

British National Formulary (BNF)
“Immunization Against Infectious Diseases” (Green Book)
Internet
www.travax.scot.nhs.uk (registration required)
www.fitfortravel.scot.nhs.uk/
www.cdc.org
Schools of Tropical Medicine

32
Q

What general measures should be taken to prevent illness/infection in travel?

A 
Care with food/water
Hand washing 
Sunburn / Sunstroke
Altitude 
Road traffic accidents
Safer sex 
Mosquitoes - bed nets, sprays, “cover up”
33
Q

What are some common immunisations for travellers?

A 
Tetanus
Polio
Typhoid 
Hepatitis A
Yellow fever
Cholera
Specific circumstances
- Meningococcus A, C, W, Y  
Rabies
Diphtheria
Japanese B encephalitis 
Tick borne encephalitis
34
Q

What is the ABCD of malaria prevention?

A

Awareness of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment

35
Q

List some infections that are common worldwide

A

Influenza
Community-acquired pneumonia
Meningococcal disease
Sexually transmitted diseases

36
Q

List some health problems related to climate/environment

A 
Sunburn
Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
Fungal infections
Bacterial skin infections 
Cold injury
Altitude sickness
37
Q

List some travel infections controllable by sanitation?

A
  • Travelers’ diarrhoea
  • Typhoid
  • Hepatitis A or E
  • Giardiasis
  • Amoebiasis
  • Helminth infections
  • Viral gastroenteritis
  • Food poisoning
  • Shigella dysentery
  • Cholera
  • Cryptosporidiosis
38
Q

List some travel infections controllable by immunization?

A
  • Poliomyelitis

- Diphtheria

39
Q

List some travel infections controllable by education?

A
  • HIV

- STDs

40
Q

List some water related travel infections?

A
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Liver flukes
  • Strongyloidiasis
  • Hookworms
  • Guinea worms
41
Q

List some arthropod-borne travel infections?

A
  • Malaria (mosquitos)
  • Dengue fever (mosquitos)
  • Rickettsial infections (ticks: typhus)
  • Leishmaniasis (sand flies: Kala-azar)
  • Trypanosomiasis (tsetse fly: sleeping sickness)
  • Filariasis (mosquitoes: elephantiasis)
  • Onchocerciasis (black flies: River Blindness
42
Q

List some emerging infectious diseases?

A
  • Zika: Latin America, Caribbean
  • Ebola virus disease: West Africa
  • MERS-CoV: Middle East
  • Swine ‘flu (H1N1): worldwide
  • Avian ‘flu (H5N1 and H7N9): China
  • SARS: Far East, worldwide
  • West Nile Virus: USA
43
Q

What is the potentially severe strain of malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

44
Q

List some causes of viral haemorrhagic fevers?

A

Ebola
Congo-Crimea haemorrhagic fever
Lassa fever
Marburg disease

45
Q

List some causes of rash in travel related infection?

A

Typhoid
Typhus
Dengue

46
Q

List some causes of jaundice in travel related infection?

A

Hepatitis
Malaria
Yellow fever

47
Q

List some causes of lymph nodes in travel related infection?

A

Leishmania

Trypanosomiasis

48
Q

List some causes of liver signs in travel related infection?

A

Malaria
Typhoid
Amoebic abscess

49
Q

List some causes of spleen signs in travel related infection?

A

Visceral leishmaniasis, Typhoid,

Malaria

50
Q

List some investigations that could be undertaken for fever on a returning traveller?

A
  • FBC
  • Malaria films
  • LFTs
  • Stool microscopy and culture
  • Urine analysis and culture
  • Blood cultures
  • CXR
  • Specific tests if indicated
51
Q

List some treatments that can be administrated for fever on a returning traveller?

A
  • Isolation - consider PPE
  • Supportive measures (resuscitation)
  • Empirical treatment if patient unwell (Antimicrobial therapy - treat life threatening conditions)
  • Specific treatment

Infection (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions