Influenza/Immunisation/Travel Flashcards
When does seasonal influenza occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
In the winter months (Dec-Feb)
Which groups of Influenza virus infect only humans?
IfB and IfC
What is the purpose of the surface protein ‘Haemagglutinin’ in Influenza virus?
Facilitates viral attachment and entry to host cell
What is the purpose of the surface protein ‘Neuraminidase’ in Influenza virus?
Enables new virion to be released from host cell
What is the term given for the genetic change that enables a flu strain to jump from one animal species to another?
Antigenic Shift
What can antigenic shift do to two or more different strains of virus?
Combine to form new subtypes
What are the characteristics that make pandemic flu different to seasonal flu?
- Occurs sporadically (as opposed to every winter)
- Affects 25%+ of the population (as opposed to 10-15%)
- More serious, more complications
What are the requirements that would classify something as a pandemic?
- Human pathogenicity
- ‘New’ virus (antigenic shift) - susceptible population
- Efficient person-person transmission
How does avian flu spread?
Direct contact with infected birds, dead or alive
What groups of people does immunisation apply to?
- Childhood schedule
- Special patient groups
- Occupational
- Travelers
What groups of people may prophylaxis apply to?
- Travelers
- Post-exposure
- Post-exposure (HIV)
- Surgical
What types of things compose vaccines?
- Live attenuated
- Inactivated
- Detoxified exotoxins
- Subunits of micro-organism
List some live attenuated vaccines?
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) BCG Varicella-zoster virus Yellow fever Smallpox Typhoid (oral) Polio (oral) Rotavirus (oral)
List some inactivated vaccines?
Polio (in combined vaccine D/T/P/Hib) Hepatitis A Cholera (oral) Rabies Japanese encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis Influenza
How do detoxified exotoxin vaccines become detoxified?
Treatment with formalin
List some detoxified exotoxin vaccines?
Diphtheria
Tetanus
List some subunit vaccines?
Pertussis (acellular)
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Meningococcus (group C) conjugated: capsular polysaccharide antigen & Corynebacterium diphtheria protein
Pneumococcus
Typhoid
Anthrax
Hepatitis B
What is included in the so-called ‘6 in 1’ vaccine?
D = purified diphtheria toxoid T = purified tetanus toxoid aP = purified Bordetella pertussis IPV= inactivated polio virus Hib= purified component of Haemophilus influenzae b HBV= hepatitis B rDNA
What are the first vaccines in the UK Childhood Immunisation Schedule, given at 2 months?
2 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + rotavirus + Men B
What vaccine is given from 2-8 years in the UK Childhood Immunisation schedule?
Influenza nasal
What vaccine is given from 12-13 years to girls in the UK Childhood Immunisation schedule?
HPV
What special patient/occupational groups may be given BCG vaccine?
- Some infants (0-12 months)
- Children screened at school for TB risk factors, tested and vaccinated if appropriate
- New immigrants (previously unvaccinated) from high prevalence countries for TB
- Contacts (<35yrs) of resp TB patients
- Healthcare workers
What would be some indications for influenza vaccine?
Age >65 years Nursing home residents Some health care workers Immunodeficiency, Immunosuppression Asplenia/hyposplenism Chronic liver disease Chronic renal disease Chronic cardiac disease Chronic lung disease Diabetes mellitus Coeliac disease Pregnant women
What would be indications for hepatitis B vaccination?
- All new born children from 2018 (6-in-1)
- Children at high risk of exposure to HBV
- Health care workers, PWID, MSM, prisoners, ch. liver disease, ch. kidney disease,
- Given at 0, 1 month,2 months and 1 year
