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Applied Pathophysiology > Influenza and Corona Viruses > Flashcards

Influenza and Corona Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Non-human animal surveillance

A

surveillance for viruses that could threaten wildlife, livestock & domesticated animals

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2
Q

In silico prediction developmet

A

development of computational methods for predicting emergence risk of zoonotic viruses identified from animal surveillance

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3
Q

Guided surveillance of samples from human illness

A

surveillance systems for early detection of spillover and emergence of novel human infections

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4
Q

Where does COVID-19 fall interms of transmission & mortality?

A

less of fatality rate but the transmissibility rate is higher

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5
Q

Overview of Influenza viruses

A

family Orthomyxoviridae
- (-)-sense, segmented, single stranded RNA viruses
- 4 genera: A, B, C, D

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6
Q

Which influenzavirus genera are associated as seasonal influenza viruses?

A

A, B and C

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7
Q

Influenza A and B can be associated with…

A

pigs

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8
Q

Influenzavirus A hosts:

A

wild aquatic birds, mammals, humans

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9
Q

Influenzavirus B hosts:

A

humans, seals, ferrets

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10
Q

Influenzavirus C hosts:

A

humans, dogs, pigs

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11
Q

Influenzavirus D hosts:

A

cattle

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12
Q

What is the relationship like for influenza (i.e. the pathway)?

A

NOT a direct linear relationship like ebola is
- most start with wild birds & then can take diff areas

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13
Q

What is the virology of Influenza A?

A
  • cirnodal
  • (-) RNA
  • enveloped
  • influenza virus genome is segmented (8 diff.) –> allow for influenza viruses to mix/match their segments, which increase complexity of influenza viruses (can increase virulence/pathogenicity)
  • viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - have to carry their own RNA polymerase
  • HA and NA proteins (guide the cells that the virus can attach too & also guide the antigens that we have to produce vaccines against)
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14
Q

Where do influenza A viruses circulate in?

A

humans, domestic animals, pigs, horses, poultry & migratory birds

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15
Q

What is the virology of influenza a?

A
  • 16 diff HA subtypes identified
  • 9 NA subtypes
  • HA & NA are most antigenically variable (able to swap out & change)
  • bat influenza A-like viruses increase this to 18 & 11, but cannot reassort with IAVs (monitor what they can do but haven’t seen it yet)
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16
Q

Influenza __ viruses are NOT divided into diff subtypes

A

B

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17
Q

Which viruses were seen to show reassortment?

A

1918 “Spanish influenza”

1857 “Asian influenza”

1968 “Hong Kong influenza”

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18
Q

Antigenic drift…

A

results in progressive changes of HA & NA antigenicity through mutations (re: seasonal flue)
- RNA can mutate (inability to proof read)

19
Q

Antigenic shift…

A

results from genetic reassortment through RNA segment changes b/t different strains (re: pandemic flu)
- can produce drastic changes

20
Q

What is the main take-away from the timeline of influenza pandemics?

A

everytime we have a pandemic virus that emerges, that pandemic virus becomes the new seasonal virus until it itself is replaces (either through another pandemic or through another large scale transmission event)

21
Q

What happens when we get infected by influenza virus?

A
  • binding & entry mediated by HA - sialic acids
  • mediated by HA & MA (pH-dependent steps)
  • pH shift (& virulent opens up)
22
Q

Purpose of HA?

A

helps guide interaction b/t virus & host cell for uptake

23
Q

Purpose of NA?

A

helps facilitate the release of new virulent copies

24
Q

What is the influenza virus epidemiology?

A
  • seasonal influenza outbreaks typ. occur in winter months
  • symptoms: onset ~1-4 d post-exposure (quick)
  • ~3-5 million cases of severe ILI globally each year
  • transmission: presymp. phase (-1 d) to 5-7 d post-symp. onset
  • transmission primarily in children
  • droplets, aerosols & fomites
25
Q

What are influenza virus therapeutics?

A
  • M2 inhibitors (adamantanes) eliminated as clinical therapy due to resistance
  • best clinical results of NA inhibitors found within 2 days of symptom onset
26
Q

Influenza vaccines include:

A

live-attenuated, recombinant, & inactivated vaccine

27
Q

Live-attenuated:

A
  • recommended for ppl 2-49 years of age
  • contraindicated for ppl w/ weakened immune system, pregnant women, or certain chronic diseases
28
Q

Recombinant:

A
  • eliminates antigenic mutations from cell or egg-based replication
  • > 18 years of age
29
Q

Inactivated:

A
  • comprised of killed influenza viruses
  • > 6 months & older, including pregnant women & people with chronic medical conditions
30
Q

Coronaviruses:

A
  • family: Coronaviridae
  • RNA viruses with large genomes ((+)-sense, single-stranded RNA genome
  • 4 genera: alpha, beta, gamma & delta
31
Q

____coronaviruses & ____coronaviruses ONLY infect mammals

A

alpha

beta

  • usually cause respiratory illness in humans & gastroenteritis in animals
  • can have large impacts on livestock
32
Q

What is a difference b/t influenza & coronavirus?

A

influenza is (-)-sense & coronavirus is (+)-sense

33
Q

What does coronaviruses look like?

A
  • enveloped
  • non-segmented
  • spikes!
34
Q

Spike proteins:

A

dictates which types of cells it can interact with

(coronavirus is ACE-2)

35
Q

4 ________ usually cause mild upper respiratory disease in humans

A

human coronaviruses (HCoVs)

36
Q

3 _________ cause severe respiratory disease

A

highly pathogenic HCoVs

37
Q

Does coronaviruses all originate from same animals?

A

NO - bats or rodents usually

38
Q

What is the SARS-COV-2 emergence?

A

atypical pneumonia cases in Hubei Province, China

  • initial reports of a “SARS-like” illness in China - late December
  • potential link to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market
39
Q

How does COVID-19 pathogenesis differ from influenza with the onset?

A

5 days onset where they can transmit to community (greater than the 1 day in influenza)

40
Q

What is the COVID-19 therapeutic development?

A

drugs that attack 2 primarily points in replication cycle:

  1. Paxlovid
    - inhibit proteolysis step (which converts polyproteins –> dependent RNA transcriptase complex)
  2. Molnupiravir & Remdesivir
    - inhibit RNA replication
41
Q

Emerging infections diseases have disportionate effects on vulnerable communities, for ex:

A

2009 Influenza Pandemic
- First Nations members:
- were 6.5X higher likelihood of ICU admission
- 8X higher for hospitalizations
- ~7-10% of all hospitalization, ICU admissions & deaths

42
Q

Traditional development vs. SARS-COV-2 vaccine development

A

15 years or longer vs. 10 months to 1.5 years total

43
Q

What is unique about SARS-COV-2 opposed to SARS-COV?

A

zoonoses
- NOT unique to humans (can move from humans –> animals & then back to humans)

Applied Pathophysiology (34 decks)

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