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Practice topics Exam 1 > Influenza and Blood Borne Viruses > Flashcards

Influenza and Blood Borne Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Influenza (the flu) is caused by

A

several related viruses
influenze A, B, C
Viruses are subtyped based on the hemagluttinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens

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2
Q

Influenza - Hemagluttinin is involved in

A

binding of the influenza virus to cell surface receptors and is invovled in the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Influenza - neuraminidase does what

A

breaks down the mucus coating of the respiratory tract to facilitate infection and is invovled in the relase of the virus from an infected cell

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4
Q

Influenza - is what

A

an acute respiratory disease

pt presents with fever, myalgia, weakness, HA

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5
Q

Influenza occurs when

A

in US almost exclusively over winter months

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6
Q

Influenza - transmission primarily through

A

inhalation of small particle aerosols produced by coughing and sneezing
Hand to hand fomite is known to occur

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7
Q

Influenza - incubation period is from

A

18-72 hours

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8
Q

Influenza - most patients recover within

A

1 week

cough can continue for an additional two weeks

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9
Q

Influenza - increase risk of complications in who

A 
elderly
pulmonary or cardiac disease
DM
renal dysfunction
immunosuppressed pt 
women in 2nd or 3rd trimester
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10
Q

Which is most important complication of influenza

A

pneumonia!

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11
Q

Influenza - treatment

A

Several compounds (amantadine, rimantadine) block the penetration and uncoat the virus
resistance to these is emerging though
Can also use neuraminidase inhibitors (tamiflu, relenza)

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12
Q

Influenza - the drugs may do what

A

reduce duration and severity of illness

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13
Q

Influenza - prevention

A

VACCINATE!
injectible vaccine has inactivated influenza viruses
new inhalable (flumist) that has live, attenuated influenza
ALL HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS SHOULD VACCINATE ANNUALLY

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14
Q

Viral hepatitis is what

A

disease that primarily affects the liver

consequences of infection can range from asymptomatic disease to fulminant liver involvement and death

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15
Q

Viral hepatitis is caused by what

A 
hep A (HAV)
hep B (HBV)
hep C (HCV)
hep D (HDV)
hep E (HEV)
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16
Q

Viral hepatitis - clinical syndrome

A

initial sx of HA, fatigue, vomiting, nausea, anorexia, arthralgia, myalgia
Pt eventualyl becomes jaundice within 1-2 wks
Right upper quadrant pain or discomfort

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17
Q

Viral hepatitis - complete clinical recovery

A

may take months

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18
Q

Viral hepatitis - Hep A enters the body through

A

GI tract (fecal - oral)
shellfish
CHildren and young adults are most frequently infected

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19
Q

Viral hep - hep A - incubation

A

30 days

20
Q

VIral hep - Hep A - Virus is shed how

A

in feces

2 weeks before the appearance of sx and by the time jaundice manifests, shedding will terminate

21
Q

Viral hep - Hep A - resolution

A

most resolve in 2-4 wks
no chronic state
immune system eliminates the virus

22
Q

Viral hep - Hep A - focal points/people of infection

A

child care centers, promiscuous homosexual men, IV drug abusers

23
Q

Viral hep - Hep A - prevention

A

Vaccine!

proper hygiene prevents virus spread

24
Q

Viral hep - Hep A - workers should be

A

restricted from patient contact, contact with the pt environment, and food handling until a min of 7 days after the onset of jaundice

25
Q

Viral hep - Hep B - acquired through

A

blood transfusion
drug abuse (dirty needles)
sexual intercourse
maternal transmission to newborn during birth
Major routes in western europe and US = sex and percuteous exposure

26
Q

Viral hep - Hep B - incubation

A

30-180 days

27
Q

Viral hep - Hep B - chronicity

A

5-10% of adults will become chronic carriers
most newborns will become chronic carriers
Chronic HBV is associated with inc risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

28
Q

Viral hep - Hep B - tratment

A

vaccine

all healthcare workers should be vaccinated

29
Q

Viral hep - Hep B - work restrictions on HBV infected chronic carriers

A

should be evaluated based on the nature of the work performed by the employee

30
Q

Viral hep - Hep C - accounts for what percent of chronic liver disease

A

40% of cases of chronic liver disease

Most common diagnosis requiring liver transplant

31
Q

Viral hep - Hep C - tranmission

A

transfusion
injection
sexual intercourse
mother to newborn

32
Q

Viral hep - Hep C - efficiency of virus infection following an accidental needlestick in healthcare workers is

A

3%

33
Q

Viral hep - Hep C - incubation

A

50 days

34
Q

Viral hep - Hep C - tx

A 
interferon
protease inhibitors
polymerase inhibitors 
assembly inhibitors 
NO VACCINE AVAILABLE
35
Q

Viral hep - Hep C - prevention

A

main mode is screening of blood components for the presence of HCV antibodies as an indicator for exposure to virus and bx changes to limit exposure to virus

36
Q

HIV and AIDS - transmission

A

sexual activity
exposure to blood and blood products
from mother to fetus
Casual contact or bite of insect has NEVER been shown to transmit HIV

37
Q

HIV and AIDS - worldwide, how many are infected

A

35 million

38
Q

HIV and AIDS - what percent are due to sexual transmision

A

75%

39
Q

HIV and AIDS - worldwide, the most common mode of transmission is

A

heterosexual exposure

40
Q

HIV and AIDS - transmission is ___ times more effective in

A

8 time more effective in male to female compared to female to male transmission

41
Q

HIV and AIDS - what enhances probability of productive infection

A

sexual practices that cause traumatic tears to the mucosa or the presence of infectious agents that cause genital ulcerations (syphilis, herpes)

42
Q

HIV and AIDS - risk to healthcare workers

A

700, 000 are stuck with needles or other sharps/ year!

HIV infection through intact skin has never been documented

43
Q

HIV and AIDS - % with fetus

A

25% transplacental
60% birth
15% breast feeding
transmission can go down dramatically when mothers are on antiviral therapy

44
Q

HIV and AIDS - pathogenesis

A

HIV enters the body and is cleared by the spleen and or lymph nodes and then it replicates
Virus spreads throughout the body
At this time the individual will present with flu like symptoms
then infected individuals experience extended period of time sx free
Overtime immune system is suppressed and makes pt susceptible to opportunistic infections

45
Q

HIV and AIDS - Opportunistic infections include

A 
bacterial pneumonia 
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
TB
oral thrush (candida albicans)
CMV retinitis
Kaposi's sarcoma
Toxoplasmosis (which causes encephalitis)
46
Q

HIV and AIDS - treatment

A

comination therapy - multiple drugs hitting multipl targets

47
Q

HIV and AIDS - revention

A

education, counseling, bx modification

provide tx for pregnant women

Practice topics Exam 1 (15 decks)

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