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Fundamentals of Pharmacology > Inflammatory Response > Flashcards

Inflammatory Response Flashcards

1
Q

Define Inflammation

A
  • Non-specific, localised reaction to many kinds of insults
  • Consists in vascular, metabolic and cellular changes
  • Serves to bring defense and healing mechanisms to the site of injury
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2
Q

What are Exogenous Causes of Inflammation?

A
  • Physical Agents
    • Mechanic agents: fractures, foreign objects
    • Thermal agents: burns, freezing
  • Chemical Agents
    • Toxic gases, acids, burns
  • Biological Agents
    • Bacteria, viruses, parasites
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3
Q

What are the Endogenous Causes of Inflammation?

A
  • Circulation disorders
    • thrombosis, infarction, hemorrhage
  • Enzyme activation
    • e.g. acute pancreatitis
  • Metabolic products accumulation
    • uric acid, urea
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4
Q

What are four signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
    • local vessel dilatation
  • Heat
    • local vessel dilatation
  • Swelling
    • due to influx of plasma proteins and phagocytic cells into the tissue spaces
  • Pain
    • due to local release of enzymes and increased tissue pressure
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5
Q

What is the general mechanism of inflammation?

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Exudation - edema
  3. Emigration of cells
  4. Chemotaxis
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6
Q

What is the difference between inflammatory and immune responses?

A

External trigger > inflammation > immune response or clinical presentation > clinical presentation

Inflammation: non-specific response

Immune Response: specific response

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7
Q

How does vasodilation combat injury?

A
  • Increases delivery, increases temperature and removal of toxins
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8
Q

How does exudate combat injury?

A
  • Delivers immunoglobulin etc., dilutes toxins, delivers fibrinogen, increases lymphatic drainage
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9
Q

How do cells combat injury?

A
  • Removes pathogenic organisms, necrotic debris etc.
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10
Q

How does increased lymphatic drainage combat injury?

A
  • Delivers pathogens to phagocytes and antigens to immune system
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11
Q

How does pain and loss of function combat injury?

A
  • Enforces rest, reduces chance of further traumatic damage
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12
Q

What are the roles of TNF-a and IL-1?

A
  • Responsible for fever and the release of stress hormones (NA, vasopressin, activation of RAAS)
  • Responsible for the synthesis of IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ
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13
Q

What is the function of pro-inflammatory interleukins?

A
  • either function directly on tissue or work via secondary mediators to activate the coagulation cascade, complement cascade, and the release of nitric oxide, histamine, bradykinin, platelet-activating factor, prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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14
Q

What are the three steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Recognition and attachment
  2. Engulfment
  3. Killing and degradation
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15
Q

What are the steps of leukocyte emigration and chemotaxis?

A
  1. Margination, rolling and adhesion to endothelium
  2. Diapedesis (trans-migration across the endothelium)
  3. Migration toward chemotactic stimuli from the source of tissue injury
  4. Phagocytosis
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16
Q

What is emigration?

A
  • Emigration is a process by which leukocytes extend pseudopodia, pass through the capillary walls by amoeboid movement, and migrate into the tissue spaces
  • Once they’ve exited the capillary, the leukocytes move through the tissue guided by secreted cytokines and bacterial and cellular debris
17
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A
  • Process by which leukocytes migrate in response to a chemical signal
18
Q

What are inflammation outcomes?

A
  • Resolution
  • Fibrosis
  • Abscess Formation
  • Chronic Inflammation
19
Q

Describe Resolution as an inflammation outcome

A
  • Complete restoration of inflammed tissue back to a normal status
  • Inflammatory measures such as vasodilation, chemical production and leukocyte infiltration cease, and damaged parenchymal cells regenerate
  • Resolution is the outcome if inflammation is limited or short lived
20
Q

Describe Fibrosis as an inflammation outcome

A
  • Large amount of tissue destruction, or damage in tissues unable to regenerate
  • Fibrous scarring occurs in these areas of damage, forming a scar composed primarily of collagen
    • scar won’t contain any specialised structures e.g. parenchymal cells, so functional impairment may occur
21
Q

Describe Abscess Formation as an inflammation outcome

A
  • A cavity formed which contains pus
22
Q

What is pus?

A
  • Opaque liquid containing dead WBCs and bacteria with general debris from destroyed cells
23
Q

Describe Chronic Inflammation as an inflammation outcome in Acute Inflammation

A
  • If the injurious agent persists, chronic inflammation will ensue
    • this process, marked by inflammation (lasts many days/months), may lead to formation of a chronic wound
24
Q

Describe Chronic Inflammation as an inflammation outcome in Chronic Inflammation

A
  • Chronic inflammation is characterised by the dominating presence of macrophages in the injured tissue
    • chronic inflammation is almost always accompanied by tissue destruction

Fundamentals of Pharmacology (21 decks)

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