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Fundamentals of Pharmacology > Cholinergic Pharmacology 2&3 > Flashcards

Cholinergic Pharmacology 2&3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of cholinergic receptors?

A
  • Receptors that bind the ACh and mediate its actions
    • consist of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
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2
Q

What is the difference between mydriatics and miotics?

A
  • Mydriatics: Dilates the pupils (open pupils)
    • contraction of dilator, relaxtion of sphincter
  • Miotics: Constricts pupils (closes pupils)
    • ​contraction of sphincter, relaxation of dilator
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3
Q

How does the ANS regulate pupil function?

A
  • Pupillary diameter is controlled by the spincter pupillae (PNS) and dilator pupillae (SNS)
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4
Q

What is the Division of Cholinergic Antagonist?

A
  • Muscarinic Antagonists
  • Nicotinic Antagonists
    • Ganglionic blocking agents
    • Neuromuscular blocking agents
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5
Q

What are the names of cholinergic blockers and what are their functions?

A
  • Anticholinergics, parasympatholytics, antimuscarin
  • Function: block the actions of ACh
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6
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A
  • An autoimmune disease
  • Body makes antibodies against nicotinic receptors blocking their action
  • Proper contraction of eye lid muscles is prevented
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7
Q

What are the toxic effects of anti-muscarinic drugs?

  • “dry as a bone”
  • “red as a beet”
  • “mad as a hatter”
A
  • “dry as a bone”: result of decreased sweating, salivation and lacrimation
  • “red as a beet”: result of dilation of cutaneous vessels of the arms, head, neck and trunk
  • “mad as a hatter”: result of CNS effects such as sedation, amnesia, delirium, hallucination
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8
Q

What are three major muscle types and where are they located?

A
  • Smooth muscle: muscarinic receptors
    • surrounding organs, major muscle in GIT
  • Cardiac muscle: nicotinic receptors
    • occurs in walls of heart
  • Skeletal muscle: nicotinic receptors
    • attached to skeleton
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9
Q

What is the autonomic regulation of the three major muscle types?

A
  • Smooth muscle: involuntary
  • Cardiac muscle: involuntary
  • Skeletal muscle: voluntary
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10
Q

How do nicotinic receptors increase calcium levels?

(cardiac and skeletal muscles)

A
  • Membrane depolarisation that is brought about by Na+ entrance into muscle activating voltage gated Ca2+ channels that increases Ca2+ inside the muscle
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11
Q

How do muscarinic receptors increase calcium levels?

(smooth muscles)

A
  • GPCR: through the signalling event they empty the intercellular Ca2+ stores causing membrane depolarisation that is brought about by Na+ entrance into muscle activating voltage gated Ca2+ channels that increases Ca2+ inside the muscle
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12
Q

What is dystonia?

A
  • Neurological movement disorder, where sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures
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13
Q

What are the causes of dystonia?

A
  • Hereditary
  • Physical trauma
  • Infection
  • Poisoning
  • Reaction to pharmaceutical drugs (particularly antipsychotics)
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14
Q

What are the basic features of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Low level of neurotransmitter dopamine

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Bradykinesia: slowness in intiation and execution of voluntary movements
  • Rigidity: increase muscle tone and increase resistance to movement
  • Tremor
  • Postural instability
  • Gait Disturbance: shuffling feet

TRAP

tremor, rigidity, akinesia and bradykinesia, postural instability

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16
Q

What are extrapyramidal symptoms?

A
  • Can be caused by low levels of dopamine as well as drugs that are antagonists of dopamine receptors e.g. antipsychotics
  • Parkinsonism (TRAP)
17
Q

What is the ANS regulation of smooth muscle?

A
  • Sympathetic stimulation relaxes bronchial smooth muscle through the ‘increase’ in cAMP which blocks calcium-mediated constriction
18
Q

What is the pathology of urinary incontinence?

What is it?

What can cause it?

A
  • Involuntary urinary leakage
  • When you hold urine, brain overrides reflex where the spinal cord sends signal for bladder to contract and therefore can cause bladder dysfunction
  • Dementia, drugs, functional abnormalities of lower urinary tract
19
Q

Describe the function of the bladder?

A
  • When bladder is full, sphincter muscles stop urine from leaking by closing tightly around the neck of the bladder that opens to the urethra
20
Q

What causes urination?

A

Stimultaneous constriction of bladder wall muscles and relaxation of urethral sphincter muscles

21
Q

Describe urine filling/storage regulation by ANS

A
  • Blocking of parasympathetic nerve (relaxation of detrusor bladder muscles)
  • Activation of Sympathetic nerve (internal sphincter muscle constriction)
  • Activation of somatic nerve (external sphincter muscle constriction)
22
Q

Describe urination regulation by ANS

A
  • Activation of parasympathetic nerve (constriction of detrusor bladder muscles)
  • Blocking of Sympathetic nerve (internal sphincter muscle relaxation)
  • Blocking of somatic nerve (external sphincter muscle relaxation)
23
Q

What is the position of CRTZ in regard to blood-brain barrier?

A

Outside BBB

24
Q

What are anti-cholinergic ADRs?

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Blurred vision
  • Constipation
  • Drowsiness
  • Poor memory
  • Anisocoria

Fundamentals of Pharmacology (21 decks)

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