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DRUGS Flashcards

1
Q

DRUG: Morphine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

INDICATIONS: Moderate-severe pain

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2
Q

DRUG: Fluticasone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper reactivity

INDICATIONS: Maintenance treatment of asthma

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3
Q

DRUG: Codeine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

Prodrug, oxidised to morphine by CYP2D6

INDICATIONS: Mild-moderate pain, Cough suppression

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4
Q

DRUG: Aspirin

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting COX, reducing the synthesis of thromboxane A2

INDICATIONS:

ACS

History of Symptomatic Atherosclerosis

Analgesia

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5
Q

DRUG: N-acetylcysteine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Precursor for glutathione synthesis; glutathione and acetylcysteine bind to reactive metabolite of paracetamol

INDICATIONS: Paracetamol overdose/hepatotoxicity

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6
Q

DRUG: Pilocarpine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Cholinergic effect contracts:

iris sphincter causing miosis and ciliary muscle

INDICATIONS: Chronic open-angle glaucoma

SIDE EFFECTS:

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urinary Incontinence
Diarrhoea
GI Cramps
Emesis

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7
Q

DRUG: Neostigmine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit AChE and reduce breakdown of neuronally released ACh; enhance neuromuscular transmission in skeletal and smooth muscles

INDICATIONS: Myasthenia gravis

SIDE EFFECTS:

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urinary Incontinence
Diarrhoea
GI Cramps
Emesis

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8
Q

DRUG: Atropine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Reversibly block ACh receptors on iris sphincter and ciliary muscle

INDICATIONS: Mydriasis, Cycloplegia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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9
Q

DRUG: Hyoscine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Smooth muscle relaxant; reduces GI motility and spasm

INDICATIONS: GI spasm, motion sickness

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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10
Q

DRUG: Benztropine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Selective M1 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist. Inhibits uptake of dopamine

INDICATIONS: Parkinson’s disease, Dystonia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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11
Q

DRUG: Ipratropium

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of ACh

INDICATIONS: Symptom relief of asthma and COPD

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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12
Q

DRUG: Pancuronium (ND)

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: ACh receptor antagonists, prevent depolarisation of the muscle membrane

INDICATIONS: Skeletal muscle relaxation in anaesthesia and intensive care

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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13
Q

DRUG: Suxamethonium

(D)

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: mimics ACh; acts at ACh receptor, depolarising the motor end plate

INDICATIONS: Skeletal muscle relaxation in anaesthesia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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14
Q

DRUG: Phenylephrine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Stimulate A1 receptors to constrict SMC

INDICATIONS: Nasal congestion

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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15
Q

DRUG: Clonidine/Methyldopa

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Stimulate A2 receptors

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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16
Q

DRUG: Salbutamol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Short-acting B2 adrenergic receptor agonist

INDICATIONS: Asthma

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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17
Q

DRUG: Oxymetazoline

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Non-selectively agonises A1 and A2 adrenergic receptors resulting in vasoconstriction

INDICATIONS: Nasal congestion

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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18
Q

DRUG: Isopretenerol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Non-selective B1 and B2 adrenoreceptor agonist - structurally similar to A

INDICATIONS: Bradycardia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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19
Q

DRUG: Pseudoephedrine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Act on alpha adrenoreceptors on vascular smooth muscle in the respiratory tract, producing vasoconstriction of dilated nasal vessels

INDICATIONS: Nasal congestion

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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20
Q

DRUG: Selegiline

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit the action of MAO-B preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters – inhibits DA metabolism

INDICATIONS: Parkinson’s

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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21
Q

DRUG: Entecapone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit the action of COMT which is involved in the degradation of neurotransmitters – inhibits DA metabolism

INDICATIONS: Parkinson’s

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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22
Q

DRUG: Alfazosin

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: A1 blocking agent that exhibits selectivity for A1 adrenergic receptors in the lower urinary tract leading to the relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate

INDICATIONS: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

SIDE EFFECTS:

  • Postural hypotension
  • Reflex Tachycardia
  • Salt and water retention
  • Miosis
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23
Q

DRUG: Prazosin

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: A1 receptor blocker preventing the action of NA on smooth muscle

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

SIDE EFFECTS:

  • Postural hypotension
  • Reflex Tachycardia
  • Salt and water retention
  • Miosis
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24
Q

DRUG: Metoprolol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Selective B1 receptor antagonists

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

SIDE EFFECTS: Dizziness, light-headedness, fatigue

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25
Q

DRUG: Frusemide

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit co-transport of Na+/K+/Cl2- by probably binding to the Cl- site. Decrease reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- whose urinary elimination increases

INDICATIONS:

Hypertension
Fluid overload/oedema

SIDE EFFECTS:

Hyponatremia, dehydration, hypokalaemia

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26
Q

DRUG: Hydrochlorothiazide

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Inhibit the co-transport of Cl-/Na+ in the initial part of the distal tubule. Decrease the potassium concentration

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

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27
Q

DRUG: Spironolactone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Reduce K+ loss by inhibiting Na+/K+ pump expression. Used in combination w/ thiazide diuretics to restrict K+ loss

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

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28
Q

DRUG: Metoprolol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Decrease arterial blood pressure by reducing cardiac output. Inhibit the release of renin from the kidneys

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

SIDE EFFECTS: Cold hands and feet, swollen ankles, bradycardia, difficulty breathing, joint pain, hallucination, lethargy, impotence

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29
Q

DRUG: Amlodipine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA:

Work by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels
Used to reduce systemic vascular resistance and thus arterial pressure

INDICATIONS:

Angina

Some types of abnormal heart rhythms

30
Q

DRUG: PHENYLALKYLAMINE CCBS: Verapamil

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Work by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels. Selective for myocardium

INDICATIONS:

Angina

Some types of abnormal heart rhythms

31
Q

DRUG: BENZOTHIAZEPINE CCBS: Diltiazem

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Work by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels. Intermediate class in terms of their selectivity (both heart & vasculature)

INDICATIONS:

Angina

Some types of abnormal heart rhythms

32
Q

DRUG: Ramipril

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Competitive inhibitors of the ACE affecting RAAS
Decreases ATII therefore blood vessels dilate and BP is reduced

INDICATIONS: Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure

SIDE EFFECTS: Hypotension, cough, headache, fatigue, nausea, hyperkalaemia

33
Q

DRUG: Irbesartan

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Block the action of ATII by preventing its binding to receptors on blood vessels causing blood vessels to dilate and blood pressure is reduced

INDICATIONS:

Controlling high BP

Heart failure

Preventing kidney failure

Arrhythmia

34
Q

DRUG: Clonidine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Lower blood pressure by stimulating A2 receptors in brain to indirectly relax peripheral arteries easing blood flow

INDICATIONS: Prescribed when all other anti-hypertensives have failed

35
Q

DRUG: Methyldopa

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Lower blood pressure by stimulating A2 receptors in brain to indirectly relax peripheral arteries easing blood flow

INDICATIONS: Hypertension during pregnancy

36
Q

DRUG: Hydrocortisone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in:

  • Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses
  • Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss

INDICATIONS: Glucocorticoid deficiency

SIDE EFFECTS:

Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention

37
Q

DRUG: Prednisolone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in:

  • Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses
  • Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss

INDICATIONS: Intermediate acting anti-inflammatory

SIDE EFFECTS:

Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention

38
Q

DRUG: Dexamethasone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in:

  • Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses
  • Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss

INDICATIONS: Long acting anti-inflammatory

SIDE EFFECTS:

Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention

39
Q

DRUG: Fludrocortisone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in:

  • Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses
  • Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss

INDICATIONS: Mineralocorticoid deficiency

SIDE EFFECTS:

Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention

40
Q

DRUG: Morphine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

INDICATIONS: Moderate-severe pain

41
Q

DRUG: Codeine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA:

Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

INDICATIONS: Mild-moderate pain

42
Q

DRUG: Fentanyl

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA:

Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

INDICATIONS:

IV or SC for acute pain

Transdermal patch for chronic pain

Lozenges for breakthrough pain in patients maintained on opioids

43
Q

DRUG: Methadone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

INDICATIONS: Opioid dependence

44
Q

DRUG: Heroin

MOA:

A

MOA:

Mu-opioid agonist

Prodrug: converted to morphine
More hydrophobic than morphine, crosses BBB better and twice potency

45
Q

DRUG: Buprenorphine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Partial mu-opioid receptor agonist

INDICATIONS: Moderate-severe pain

46
Q

DRUG: Naloxone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Pure antagonist of morphine at the mu receptor

INDICATIONS: Used to counter the effects of opioid overdose

47
Q

DRUG: Naltrexone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Block mu receptor and has k agonistic activity

INDICATIONS: Used to treat alcohol dependence

48
Q

DRUG: Loperamide

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Opioid receptor agonist and acts on mu-opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines

INDICATIONS: Diarrhoea treatment

49
Q

DRUG: Methotrexate

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Folic Acid Antagonist
Inhibits DHFR

Decreases circulating purine and pyrimidine and their availability for DNA and RNA synthesis, which may affect immune cell proliferation and protein (cytokine) expression

INDICATIONS: RA

50
Q

DRUG: Rituximab

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Depletes B lymphocytes; may suppress inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis by reducing B lymphocyte-induced T cell activation and resulting cytokine production

INDICATIONS: RA

51
Q

DRUG: Leflunomide

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA:

Competitive inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

  • Reduces lymphocyte proliferation
  • Specific for activated T-lymphocytes
  • Decreases pyrimidine synthesis

INDICATIONS: RA

52
Q

DRUG: Adalimumab, Etanercept

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA:

Bind to TNF alpha and inhibit its activity
TNF alpha is a cytokine involved in inflammatory and immune responses and in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

INDICATIONS: RA

53
Q

DRUG: Hydroxychloroquine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Mechanism of action in rheumatoid arthritis is unclear; it inhibits collagen formation and reduces rheumatoid factor and circulating immune complex concentrations in blood and synovial fluid

INDICATIONS: RA

54
Q

DRUG: Sulphasalazine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA:

Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant

Prodrug

INDICATIONS: RA

55
Q

DRUG: Allopurinol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Inhibit xanthine oxidase which reduces production of uric acid

INDICATIONS: Chronic and Acute Gout

56
Q

DRUG: Colchicine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

DRUG: Colchicine

MOA: Destabilise microtubules and hinder their polymerisation affecting immune cells division and movement

INDICATIONS: Chronic and Acute Gout

57
Q

DRUG: Probenecid

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Inhibits the tubular reabsorption of urate – increasing the urinary excretion of uric acid and decreasing soluble urate levels

INDICATIONS: Chronic and Acute Gout

58
Q

DRUG: SHORT ACTING: Salbutamol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating B2-adrenergic receptors

INDICATIONS: Symptomatic relief during maintenance treatment of asthma and COPD
Rapid onset, short duration of action

59
Q

DRUG: LONG ACTING: Salmeterol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating B2-adrenergic receptors

INDICATIONS:

Maintenance of asthma in patients receiving inhaled or oral corticosteroids

Maintenance treatment of COPD

60
Q

DRUG: Theophylline

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Inhibition of PDE and block adenosine A1 receptor

Both actions increase cAMP = SMC relaxation

INDICATIONS:

Anti-inflammatory

Weak bronchodilators

SIDE EFFECTS:

GORD

61
Q

DRUG: Sodium cromoglycate

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Stabilises mast cell membrane inhibiting degranulation by blocking specific calcium channels on mast cells

INDICATIONS: Allergic asthma

62
Q

DRUG: Monteleukast

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor
Antagonise airway smooth muscle contraction and inflammation caused by leukotrienes

INDICATIONS:

Maintenance treatment of asthma

Allergic rhinitis

SIDE EFFECTS:

Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea

63
Q

DRUG: SHORT ACTING: Ipratropium

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine

INDICATIONS: Maintenance treatment in COPD and severe asthma

SIDE EFFECTS: Dry mouth, throat irritation

64
Q

DRUG: LONG ACTING: Tiotropium

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine

INDICATIONS:
COPD
Maintenance treatment of asthma in patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting B2 agonist

SIDE EFFECTS: Dry mouth, throat irritation

65
Q

DRUG: Omalizumab

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody directed against IgE; reduces the immune system’s response to allergen exposure

INDICATIONS: Moderate allergic asthma in >12 yrs being treated with inhaled corticosteroids and who have increase IgE

66
Q

DRUG: Fluticasone, Prednisolone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Reduce bronchial mucosal inflammation and consequently bronchial hyperactivity

INDICATIONS: Maintenance therapy of persistent asthma

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dysphonia, oropheryngeal candidiasis, bruising, facial skin irritation follow nebulisation

67
Q

DRUG: Promethazine, Fexofenadine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Reduce the effects of histamine by binding to the H1 receptor and stabilising it in an inactive form

INDICATIONS: Allergic Rhinitis

68
Q

DRUG: Rhinocort (Budesonide)

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Produce local anti-inflammatory effects, decrease capillary permeability and mucus production, and produce vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa

INDICATIONS: Allergic Rhinitis

69
Q

DRUG: Oxymetazoline

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Produce vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa; decrease nasal blood flow and congestion

INDICATIONS: Relief of nasal congestion associated with rhinitis, common cold, sinusitis

70
Q

Opioid Side Effects

A

Acute ADRs:

  • respiratory depression (overdose, lung nerves)
  • Sedation (overdose, CNS effect)
  • Nausea/vomiting (GI nerves blocking)

Chronic ADRs:

  • Constipation (GI nerves blocking)
  • Endocrine effects (hormonal changes)
  • Osteoporosis (hormonal changes)

Fundamentals of Pharmacology (21 decks)

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