Inflammatory Mediators

Question 1

Bradykinin

Answer 1

Polypeptide (think membrane receptor) produced by action of Hageman factor and kallikrein; increases vascular permeability; also causes pain (hyperalgia)

Question 2

C3a

Answer 2

A complement cleavage product; increases vascular permability; “anaphyloxin”; stimulates mast cell histamine release

Question 3

C3b

Answer 3

Remains attached to cells, activated the cell attack sequence of complement which leads to cell lysis; MOST IMPORTANT OPSONIN

Question 4

C5a

Answer 4

A complement cleavage product; increases vascular permeability; strong chemoattractant for neutrophils; “anaphylotoxin”

Question 5

Chemotaxis

Answer 5

The migration of a cell in response to a chemical compound

Question 6

Histamine

Answer 6

Preformed inflammatory mediator; stored in mast cell and platelet granuoles; causes increased vascular permeability

Question 7

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Answer 7

Produced by monocytes/macrophages; acts locally to stimulate macrophages, stimulate IL-2 production by T-cells, and maturation of B-cells; systemically incudes fever, acute phase reactant proteins, and neutrophil release from bone marrow

Question 8

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Answer 8

Produced by activated T-cells in response to antigen; Stimulates IL-2 receptor expression of T-cells (activation); Stimulates production of Interferon

Question 9

Interferon

Answer 9

A family of polypeptides produced by several different cell types; Stimulated by infection or immune response; Increases type II antigen expression (antigen presentation to T cells, antiviral properties, render tumor cells susceptible to attack, inhibit lymphocyte response)

Question 10

Leukotriene

Answer 10

Produced as a breakdown product of cell phospholipids by Lipoxygenase pathway; Not inhibited by aspirin; most potent at increasing vascular permeability; active relatively late and chemotactic for neutrophils

Question 11

Opsonin

Answer 11

A compound that attaches to a foreign cell, such as a bacterium, and makes it more susceptible to a phagocytic cell (Macrophages or neutrophils)

Question 12

Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)

Answer 12

a phospholipid released from inflammatory cells of various types; activated release of enzymes from polymorphonuclear cell (neutrophils); also causes platelet aggregation

Question 13

Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

Answer 13

Released during platelet aggregation; promotes activation and migration of monocytes and stimulates fibroblast frowth to promote healing

Question 14

Prostaglandins

Answer 14

Produced as a breakdown product of cell phospholipids by cyclooxygenase pathway (inhibited by aspirin); in inflammation causes pain, increase vascular permeability, and causes vasodilation; not as potent as leukotrienes; contributes to systemic fever

Question 15

Thromboxane

Answer 15

Produced in platelets as a breakdown product of cell phospholipids by cyclooxygenase pathway (inhibited by aspirin); causes platelet aggregation and adhesion vasoconstriction

Question 16

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)

Answer 16

produced by platelets, macrophages, and lymphocytes; deactivates macrophages, healing of tissue damage, and inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes (think stops damage)

Question 17

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Answer 17

Produced by monocytes; causes toxic damage to tumor cells, similar effects to IL-1; increases free radical production by neutrophils and activated eosinophils, responsible for many signs and symptoms of septic shock