Inflammation: Soluble and Cellular Effector Mechanisms in Innate Immunity

Question 1

Inflammation:

Answer 1

A physiologic process by which vascularized tissues respond to injury.

Question 2

Chronic inflammation:

Answer 2

Longer duration than acute.
Accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and neutrophils –> influx of lymphocytes, macrophages and possibly ending in fibroblast growth. May result in granuloma.

Question 3

Prostaglandins:

Answer 3

Oxidative derivative of fatty acid that mediates signs of inflammation (fever, pain, vascular permeability)

Question 4

Leukotrienes:

Answer 4

Inflammatory mediators derived from oxidation of arachidonic acid. Mediate vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, endothelial adhesiveness and neutrophil chemotaxis.

Question 5

IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha have effects on (4):

Answer 5

1. Liver.
   - Acute-phase proteins.
2. Bone marrow endothelium.
   - Neutrophil mobilization.
3. Hypothalamus.
   - Increased body temperature.
4. Fat, muscle.
   - Protein and energy mobilization.

Question 6

Initiates the alternative pathway:

Answer 6

Pathogen surface + C3b

Question 7

Initiates the lectin pathway:

Answer 7

Mannose-binding lectin

Question 8

Initiates the classical pathway:

Answer 8

Antibodies IgG, IgM, IgA

Question 9

Different compliment pathways converge at:

Answer 9

Cleavage of C3 —> C3a and C3b

Question 10

C1-INH:

Answer 10

Soluble regulatory protein that acts on C1 in the classical pathway.

Question 11

Factor I/Factor H:

Answer 11

Soluble regulatory protein that acts on C3-convertase.

Question 12

CD55:

Answer 12

Membrane bound regulatory protein that acts on C3- and C5-convertase.
- Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)

Question 13

CD59:

Answer 13

Membrane bound regulatory protein that acts on the MAC.

- MAC-inhibitory protein.

Question 14

PAMPS:

Answer 14

• Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
• Found on pathogens
• Link to PRRs

Question 15

TLRs:

Answer 15

• Toll Like Receptors
• Type of PRR
• Can be on membrane or in endosome.
• Turn on cytokines or interferon pathway.

Question 16

Consequences of TLR to innate immunity (3):

Answer 16

1. Secretion by macrophages and dendritic cells of cytokines.
2. Improve phagocytosis by macrophages.
3. Enhanced ability of dendritic cells to induce adaptive immunity.

Question 17

DAMPS:

Answer 17

• Damage Associated Molecular Patterns
• Not associated with pathogens.
• From necrosis (not apoptosis).
• Bind to PRRs
• Promote and exacerbate acute inflammatory response.

Question 18

Three sources of neutrophils:

Answer 18

1. Circulating in the blood.
2. Neutrophils stimulated to differentiate and mobilize from precursors in the bone marrow.
3. Stores in venules (margination).

Question 19

Neutrophil response to chemokines:

Answer 19

1. Margination, or rolling slowly along the blood vessel wall.
2. Definitive sticking/adherence mediated by selectins and intergrins.
3. Pass through gaps in endothelial cells (diapedisis).
4. Migrate to inflammatory site.

Question 20

Extravasation:

Answer 20

Passage of cells from interior of blood vessels to the extravascular space.

Question 21

Actions of interferon alpha and beta (3):

Answer 21

1. Inhibiting viral replication.
2. Inhibit viral binding to neighboring cells.
3. Eliciting and activating NK cells to deliver a “lethal hit”.

Question 22

To induce eosinophil degranulation helper T cells release (3):

Answer 22

1. IL-5
2. IL-3
3. GMCSF

Question 23

Growth factors for mast cells (3):

Answer 23

1. IL-3
2. IL-5
3. GMCSF

Question 24

Mast cells have high affinity Fc receptor for:

Answer 24

IgE

Question 25

Glucocorticoids:

Answer 25

• Produced by adrenal cortex.
• Immunosuppression.
• Down-regulate inflammation.