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ICS/GP/ILA > Inflammation, Repair/Regneration, and Thrombosis > Flashcards

Inflammation, Repair/Regneration, and Thrombosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 characteristics of acute inflammation?

A
  1. sudden onset
  2. short duration
  3. usually resolves
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2
Q

Example of acute inflammation?

A

Appendicitis

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3
Q

Which cells involved in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil-mediated

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4
Q

3 characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. slow onset or sequel to acute
  2. long duration
  3. may never resolve
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5
Q

Example of chronic inflammation?

A

Tuberculosis

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6
Q

What cells involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages and Lymphocytes

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7
Q

What is the difference between good and bad inflammation?

A

good response is to infection or injury, bad response is autoimmunity or over-reaction to stimulus

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8
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils?

A

short, 2-3 days

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9
Q

How do neutrophils work?

A

phagocytosis and have lysosomes that contain bacteria killing enzymes. also release chemicals that attract other inflammatory cells

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10
Q

When do neutrophils appear on site of acute inflammation?

A

first

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11
Q

Lifespan of macrohpages and lymphocytes?

A

longer

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12
Q

Function of macrophages?

A

transport material to lymph nodes (secondary immunity), ingest bacteria

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13
Q

Function of lymphocytes?

A

Produce chemicals to attract other inflammatory cells and have immuniological memory

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14
Q

Where are endothelial cells located?

A

capillary blood vessel lining

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15
Q

How do endothelial cells respond to inflammation?

A

become sticky and porous so inflammatory cells stick and pass into tissues

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16
Q

How do endothelial cells respond to damage?

A

grow into areas to form new vessels

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17
Q

What happens to capillary sphincters during inflammation?

A

Open, causing redness. Arterioles leak and cause swelling

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18
Q

What do fibroblasts form?

A

long lived, collagen in areas of chonic inflammation and repair

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19
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. redness
  2. swelling
  3. heat
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
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20
Q

What are the 3 stages of inflammation?

A
  1. change in vessel calibre and flow
  2. increased vascular permeability and formation of fluid exudate
  3. formation of cellular exudate
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21
Q

How is cellular exudate formed?

A

emigration of neutrophil polymorphs into extravascular space

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22
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Specific type of chronic inflammation with collections of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is resolution (brief)?

A

Complete restoration

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24
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Formation of pus: mix of living and dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and lipid globules

25
Q

What is organisation?

A

Tissue replacement by granulation

26
Q

Give 5 treatment options for inflammation

A
  1. Ice
  2. Antihistamines
  3. Ibuprofen (inhibits prostaglandin)
  4. Corticosteroids
  5. Aspirin
27
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

When initiating tissue factor is removed, tissue is undamaged or able to regenerate

28
Q

Example of resolution in the lungs?

A

Lobar Pneumonia affects a lobe rather than the whole lung

29
Q

What happens in lobar pneumonia?

A

Alveoli fill with neutrophil polymorphs instead of air. Pneumocytes that line alveoli can regenerate

30
Q

Why is cirrhosis not an example of resolution?

A

Forms fibrous tissue between regenerative tissue

31
Q

What is an abrasion?

A

Superficial skin wound

32
Q

How does an abrasion heal?

A

scab forms –> epidermis grows from adnexa –> thin confluent epidermis –> final epidermal regrowth

33
Q

What is healing by 1st intention?

A

An incision where the sides of the wound can meet so healing can be quick

34
Q

What is the process of healing by 1st intention? (5 steps)

A

Incision –> exudation of fibrinogen –> weak fibrin join –> epidermal regrowth and collagen synthesis –> strong collagen join

35
Q

What is healing by 2nd intention?

A

Wound margins can’t be brought together

36
Q

Stages of healing by 2nd intention? (5 steps)

A

loss of tissue –> granulation tissue –> organisation –> early fibrous scar –> scar contraction

37
Q

What is organisation?

A

Specialised tissues repaired by fibrovascular connective tissue - occurs with production of granulation and removal of dead tissue

38
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

Loops of capillaries supported by myofibroblasts that contract to reduce wound size

39
Q

What is the definition of repair?

A

Initiating factor is still present so tissue is damaged and unable to regenerate

40
Q

In repair, what is damaged tissue replaced by?

A

fibrous tissue made up of collagen, produced by fibroblasts

41
Q

Example of repair?

A

heart attack after myocardial infarction

42
Q

Which cells can regenerate? (6)

A
  • hepatocytes
  • pneumocytes
  • gut epithelium
  • skin epithelium
  • osteocytes
  • all blood cells
43
Q

Which cells can’t regenerate? (2)

A
  • mycoardial
  • neurones
44
Q

Why don’t blood clots form all the time? (2 reasons)

A

Laminar flow - cells travel in centre of vessel
Endothelial cells - line vessels and are not sticky when healthy

45
Q

Definition of thrombosis?

A

Formation of a solid mass from blood constituents in an intact vessel during life

46
Q

What are the stages of a thrombus forming? (4)

A
  1. vascular spasm and endothelial damage exposes collagen
  2. platelet aggregation: platelets release chemicals that cause more platelets to stick
  3. clotting cascade produces fibrin which entraps RBCs in mesh and forms clot
  4. aggregation and cascade are positive feedback loops
47
Q

What are the 3 components of Virchow’s triad?

A
  1. change in vessel wall
  2. change in blood flow
  3. change in blood constituents
48
Q

Example of something that could change vessel walls?

A

cigarette smoking and vaping

49
Q

Example of that changes blood flow?

A

stasis - blood flow is slow and not laminar so platelets drag along endothelial cells

50
Q

What inhibits platelet aggregation at a low dose?

A

aspirin

51
Q

Definition of an embolism?

A

process of a solid mass in the blood being carried to a place where it gets stuck and blocks vessel

52
Q

What are causes of an emboli other than a thrombus?

A

air, cholesterol crystals, tumour, amniotic fluid, fat

53
Q

Difference between an arterial and venous embolism?

A

arterial: systemic, downstream of entry point
venous: vena cava –> right side of heart –> pulmonary arteries

54
Q

Why are the lungs a filter for emboli?

A

the emboli is too big to get into the capillaries

55
Q

Definition of ischaemia?

A

A reduction in blood flow to a tissue without other implications

56
Q

Definition of infarction?

A

A reduction in blood flow that causes subsequent death of tissue cells

57
Q

What is infarction usually caused by?

A

thrombosis of an artery

58
Q

What is end artery supply?

A

organs supplied by only one main artery, meaning they are more susceptible to infarction

59
Q

Which organs have dual supply so are less susceptible to infarction?

A

liver, lungs, brain

ICS/GP/ILA (9 decks)

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