Inflammation, degenerative & regenerative changes Flashcards
Cytological features of inflammation on a slide (background)
- marked inflammatory cells: PMN, lymphocytes
- reactive/degenerative & degenerative changes in epithelial cells
Cytoplasmic changes you would see in cells during an inflammatory response
- Vacuolation
- Perinuclear halos
- Biphasic staining/polychromasia
- Abnormal keratinisation
- Engulf PMN
Nucleus changes you would see in cells during an inflammatory response
- pyknosis (condense), karyorrhexis (fragment), karyolysis
- swell: due to fluid absorbsorption
- Larger, hyperchromasia
- Multinucleation/binucleation
- Symmetrical nucleus
Cytology of cells undergoing repair
- Cohesive flat sheets (cells grouped not single) of active cells
- Maintained cell polarity (nuclei oriented in same direction) like a “school of fish”
- N=C ratio
Nuclear cytology of cells undergoing repair
- prominent nucleoli
- large nuclei, hyperchromatic
- even distribution of chromatin
- mitotic activity
- binucleation/multinucleation
- smooth nuclear membrane
Cytoplasmic cytology of cells undergoing repair
- large w/ tails
- distinct borders
Main feature that distinguishes reparative change from malignant cells
- uniformity of nuclei
- cells in sheets (not single)
Microorganisms that infect FGT
- bacteria: Lacto bacili
- protozoa
- fungi
- virus
- IUCD
- surgical ablation
Name 3 bacteria that are found in infected FGT
- Gardnella vaginitis => clue cells
- Klebsiella granulatomatis
- Actinomyces: associated with IUCD & has thin radiating filaments
Name 2 protozoa that are found in infected FGT & describe their appearances
- Trichomonas vaginalis: unicell, eccentric pale nucleus, grey pear-shaped
- Entamoeba gingivalis: cyanophilic cytoplasm
Name 3 fungi that are found in infected FGT
- Candida sp
- Torulopsis glabrata
- Geotrichum candidum
Name a virus that are found in infected FGT & cytology expected to see in infected cells
Herpes simplex virus (HPV)
- multinucleation
- enlarged nuclei
- koilocytic
Mechanism of action for HPV
infect basal layer => proliferation of infected epithelium
list the physical & physiological damage in cervix (10)
Physical: - tampon - IUCD - treatment: laser - chemical damage - radiation/ chemotherapy Physiological: - hormonal: post-menopausal atrophy - parturition (childbirth): - birth control pills - immune disorders - neoplasia
inflammatory process
- dilation of arterioles, capillaries & venules
- increased permeability
- increased blood flow
- exudation of fluids
