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Drugs and diseases-2106 > Inflammation and the Immune System > Flashcards

Inflammation and the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the immune system?

A
  • Prevention of infection:
    1. Physical Barriers–e.g. epithelium
    2. Innate Immunity–Natural immunity that exists prior to sensitisation–Non-specific phagocytosis
    3. Adaptive immunity–Acquired immunity following sensitisation with antigen
    ————–Highly specific, generation of an immunological memory
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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Protein molecule recognised as foreign against which antibodies generated.

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3
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Antigen-specific proteins produced by B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) in response to antigen

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4
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A

Type of white blood cells:
* B cells and plasma cells
* T cells
* Natural killer cells

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5
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Physiological response to injury-heat, pain, redness, swelling

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6
Q

What is Hypersensitivity?

A

Reaction that leads to reproducable symptoms in a susceptible individual

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7
Q

What is an allergy?

A

Hypersensitivity reaction initiated by immune system

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8
Q

What is the structure of the immune system?

A

Major lymphoid organs and tissues

(See PP for diagram)

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9
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes occur at junctions of draining lymph vessels

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10
Q

What is the Spleen?

A
  • The largest lymphoid tissue
  • Filters blood-borne pathogens and antigens
  • Contains B cells and T cells
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11
Q

What are Antibodies-immunoglobins?

A
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12
Q

What are the 5 main classes of immunoglobins?

A
  1. IgG–monomer
  2. IgM–Pentamer
  3. IgA–Dimer
  4. IgE–Monomer
  5. IgD–Monomer
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13
Q

Describe the IgG immunoglobin.

A
  • 75% of blood
  • Most common, opsonization for phagocytosis
  • Also neutralises toxins
  • Crosses placenta
  • Provides long term immunity (i.e. memory)
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14
Q

Describe the IgM immunoglobin.

A
  • 10% of blood
  • First to be made in response to antigen, large molecule
  • Antigen receptor of naive B cells
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15
Q

Describe the IgA immunoglobin.

A
  • 15% of blood
  • Antigen receptor for B cells
  • Found in secretions
  • Mucosal immunity- secretory IgA in lumens of gut and respiratory tracts
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16
Q

Describe the IgE immunoglobin.

A
  • < 1% of blood
  • Binds to mast cells
  • Leads to activation of allergic responses (e.g. asthma)
17
Q

Describe the IgD immunoglobin.

A
  • < 1% of blood
  • Antigen receptor of naive B cells
18
Q

Why is IgE important?

A
  • Mast cell bound IgE responsiblefor mast cell degranulation in allergy e.g. asthma
  • Binds to mast cells through Fc e receptor
  • Atopic individuals produce more IgE–correlates with inc susceptibility to asthma, eczema, hay fever.
19
Q

What is Clonal selection? (B cells)

A
  • When immune system attacked effector cells produce immune response
  • But also memory cells produce future response
20
Q

What is the difference between Primary and secondary response?

A

Primary:
* First encounter with the organism, either as a disease-causing infection OR preferrably a vaccine

Secondary:
* Subsequent encounter with same organism
* Secondary response is much faster and stronger than primary due to T and B memory lymphocytes

21
Q

What are the cells of the immune system?

A
22
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Humoral immunity: Immune response mediated by antibodies and complement
    * Mediated by B cells
    * Complement - Group of blood proteins that enhance the immune system
  2. Cell-mediated immunity: Immune response mediated by immune cells, e.g. T lymphocytes
23
Q

What are Antigen presenting cells?

A

Cells that present antigen to T-cells. They include:
1. Macrophages
2. B cells
3. Dendritic cells

24
Q

What are Macrophages?

A
  • Engulf and digest a pathogen
  • Presents antigen on surface of cell, which is recognised by other immune cells.
  • Macrophages are also known as:
    1. Alveolar cells–Lungs
    2. Kupffer cells–Liver
    3. Microglial cells–Brain
    4. Osteoclasts–In the bone
    5. Mesangial Cells–In the kidney
25
Q

What are B cells?

A
  • Produced in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen
  • Responsible for generating antibodies to specific antigens
  • Some B cells develop into memory B cells, which enable a rapid secondary response
26
Q

What are Dendritic cells?

A
  • Major role in the activation of T cells by promoting clonal expansion and differentiation
  • Like macrophages, dendritic cells also ingest invading organisms through phagocytosis
  • (Inc immune response)
27
Q

What are T-cells and the 2 main types?

A
  • T-lymphocytes (T-cells): Have T cell receptors (TCRs) which recognise specific antigens
  • Helper T cells (Th): Have TCRs and CD4 receptors that bind to antigen presenting cells
  • —–Once bound, T helper cells release cytokines to stimulate defence against that antigen
  • Regulate immune system through cytokine release
  • Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc): Have TCRs and CD8 receptors
  • —TCRs recognise virally infected cells and kills them.
28
Q

What are Granulocytes?

A
  • Subset of white blood cells that contain granules e.g. Neutrophils, basophils and eosinphils
  • Formed in the bone mrrow
  • Circulate in the bloodstream whilst awaiting for signals to be recruited into site of infection in peripheral tissues
29
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

Mainly phagocytic role

30
Q

What are Basophils?

A

Release histamine

31
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

Release leukotrines, Cytokines such as interleukines and TNFa

32
Q

What are Mast cells?

A
  • Important role in allergic reactions and inflammation
  • Release inflammatory mediators such as histamine, chemotactic factors, cytokines etc
  • Activated through IgE signalling which triggers degranulation of mast cells (Histamine release)
  • Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate. Enables more blood to reach site of inflammation
33
Q

What are Mediators?

A
  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
34
Q

What are Cytokines?

A
  1. Interleukins–IL-1 to IL-25
    * E.g. IL-1 pro-inf. Stimulates T-cells
    * E.g. IL-8–Chemokine for neutrophils (attract neutrophils)
  2. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes:
    * Contract smooth muscle, inc Vascular permeability, Inc mucous, attract leukocytes.

3.TNFa
* Pro-inflammatory, chemotactic (Attracts other cells to site of inf) , Inc smooth muscle proliferation

35
Q

What are Chemokines?

A
  • Chemotactic cytokines
  • Guide migration of cells
  • E.g. T cells, neutrophils, Eosinophils, mast cells

Classes:
* C Chemokines, CC chemokines, CXC chemokines, CX3C chemokines
* Bind to chemokine receptors

36
Q

What are autoimmune disease?

A
  • Immune system attacks self
  • Autoantibodies
  • E.g. Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus
37
Q

What are immune deficiencies?

A
  • Cancer chemotherapy-irradiation
  • Immunosuppressive drugs
38
Q

Summarise the immune system.

A
  • Immune system has protective role
  • Complicated
  • Can go wrong
    —Too much response
    —Attack ‘self’
    —Not enough response

Drugs and diseases-2106 (38 decks)

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