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Drugs and diseases-2106 > Drugs of Abuse > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Define a drug

(Pharmacological)

A

Any substance, other than a nutrient, which alters bilogical processes.

(A compound designed to produce a biological effect)

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2
Q

What is an experimental drug?

A

A substance which exerts a biological effect, but which has yet to have approved clinical usage

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3
Q

What is a candidate drug?

A

A substance, which is being tested in clinical trials

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4
Q

What is a medicinal drug?

A
  • Active component of medicine, which is designed and expected to evoke a therapeutic effect
  • Also termed the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
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5
Q

What are ‘recreational drugs’?

A

A drug used for non-medicinal purposes

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6
Q

What is a drug of misuse?

A
  • A medicinal drug used for a purpose other than medicinal benefit
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7
Q

What is a drug of absuse?

A
  • No medicinal uses
  • But is exploited for psychoactivity or other subjective ‘benefit’
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8
Q

What is a psychotropic?

A

A substance which alters mood, consciousness or behaviour

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9
Q

What is addiction?

A
  • Complicated
  • Repeated drug seeking irrespective of dangerous or unhealthy outcomes
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10
Q

What is dependance?

A
  • The need for continuing exposure to a drug/stimulus
  • Defined on the basis of avoiding adverse symptoms of withdrawal
    1. Physiological symptoms
    2. Psychological symptoms
  • Many abused drugs not associated with withdrawal but therapeutics are
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11
Q

What is ‘tolerance’?

A

The need to increase dose to maintain the same effect

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12
Q

How are drugs of abuse sorted?

A

Broadly divided into 3 classes

  1. Stimulants
    * Amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine
  2. Depressants
    * Alcohol, cannabis, opiods
  3. Psychedelics
    * LSD, MDMA
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13
Q

List acronyms for key terms.

A
  • Form – Formulation/delivery
  • MMoA – Molecular mechanism of action
  • Acute – Acute symptoms and time course
  • Long – Long-term effects
  • Wdrwl – Withdrawal
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14
Q

What is Nicotine?

A
  • Form – Dried tobacco leaves ignited and inhaled (Vaping)
  • MMoa – Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
    1. Incd peripheral adrenaline, inc central neurotransmission
  • Acute – Hyperstimulation, reduced fatigue, mental alertness
  • Long – Higher/repeated dosing leads to sedative efects
  • Wdrwl – Cravings, anxiety, depressions, insomnia, restlessness, weight gain
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15
Q

What is cocaine?

A
  • Form – Hydrochlorine salt can be snorted as powder or injected as aqueous solution
    1. Crack is cocaine base
  • MMoa – DAT/SLC6A3 dopamine transporter blockade
    1. Incd monoamine activity in CNS (and PNS)
  • Acute – Hyperstimulation, reduced fatigue, mental alertness
    1. Constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils and incd temp, HR and BP
    2. Duration depends on route of admin - faster absorbtion = More intense + shorter the high
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16
Q

What are the long term effects of cocaine?

A
  • Long – Repeated use can reduce the duration of the high and inc the risk of addiction
    1. Some tolerance, bust sensitisation possible
    2. Binges, during which the drug is taken respeatedly and at increasingly high doses, may lead to:
  • – Inc irritability, restlessness and paranoia
  • – Full blown parranoid psychosis
  • – Cardiovascular complication, arrhythmias, heart attack, stroke
  • – Appetite reduction leading to malnourishment
17
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine?

A
  • Crash induced dysphoria
  • Depressions
  • Anxiety
  • Pain
  • Cravings
18
Q

Explain what heroin is and its effects.

A
  • Form – Injectable aqueous solution
  • MMoa – = µ opioid receptor activation
  • Acute – Rapid onset (seconds), lasts a few hours
    1. Surge of euphoria
    2. Followed by alternately wakeful and drowsy state
    3. Mental functioning becomes clouded due to depression of CNS
19
Q

What are the long term effects of Heroin?

A
  • Severe constipation
  • Malnourished
  • Mental instability
  • Focus on drug-seeking
20
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of Heroin?

A

Major withdrawal symptoms peak 48-72hrs after the last dose and subside after about a week.

  • Craving, restlessness, muscle and bone pain
  • Insomnia, diarrhoea and vomiting
  • Cold flashes + goose bumps
  • Involuntary kicking movts
  • Sudden withdrawal by heavily dependent users in poor health can be fatal
21
Q

What is cannabis?

A

Form – Cannabis leaf/ herbal cannabis
* SMoking, orally, vapes, juicing

MMoa – ~100 unique chemicals that act on CB1 cannabinoid receptors

Acute – Incd pule rate, red eyes, incd appetite
* Biphasic, highly variable, context-dependent
1. Initial period of euphoria, followed by drowsiness
2. Difficulty concentrating and thinking
3. MIldly impaired hearing

22
Q

What are the long term effects of cannabis?

A

Limited understanding of chronic effects

  • Tolerance is displayed to cardiac & psychoactive effects
  • Dependance (~10% of heavy users)
  • Panic attacks, depression, mania, scizophrenia
    1. Adolescent exposure
  • Respiratory disorders
23
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of cannabis?

A

Mild withdrawal symptoms

  • Irritability
  • Sleep disturbance
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Excessive sweating
  • Salivation
24
Q

What is alcohol?

A

Form – Aqueous solution orally administered

MMoa – ?

Acute – CNS depressant, irritated stomach, inhibits vasopression (dehydration), death

25
Q

What are the long term effects of Alcohol?

A
  • Neuropathies
  • Myopathies
  • Hepatotoxicities
  • Haemotological disorders
  • Alcoholics often obese, but malnourished (vitamin def)
  • Suicide
26
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol?

A
  • Confusion
  • Delusions
  • Tremor
  • Tactile and visual hallucinations
  • Convulsions
  • Cardiovasuclar collapse
  • 15-50% mortality
27
Q

What is Ecstacy (MDMA)?

A

Form – Pills

MMoa – SERT and VMAT2 monoamine transporter - Incd monoamine (5-HT, noradrenaline, dopamine) neurotransmission

Acute – Both a stimulant and psychedelic
* Energising effect
* Distortions of time and perception
* Can interfere with temp regulation at high doses

28
Q

What are the long term effects of Ecstacy use?

A

Tolerance observed
* In animal studies, MDMA is neurotoxic
* Cardio risks similar to cocaine

29
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of Ecstacy?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of appetite
  • Depression
  • Trouble concentrating
30
Q

What is Muscimol?

A

Form – Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) mushrooms as decotion (tea)
* Getting right muschroom can be challenging

MMoa – GABAa receptor agonist

Acute – Euphoric, psychedelic

Long and Wdrwl = not known

31
Q

How do you treat addiction?

A

Pharmacological approaches not effective without psycho-social suppport

  • Substitution/replacement e.g. Nicotine gum etc
  • Antagonism e.g. Naltrexone
    1. Blocks all effects of self-admin opiates, inc euphoria
    2. Also red alcohol craving
  • Vaccination not yet clinically successful.

Drugs and diseases-2106 (38 decks)

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