Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

What Diseases affect vasuculature?

Answer 1

• Hypertension
• Atheroscelerosis
• Thrombosis
• Stroke

Question 2

What disease affect the Heart?

Answer 2

• Angina
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Heart failure

Question 3

What is the structure of blood vessels?

Answer 3

• Artery-Endo, smooth, Connective Tiss and adipose
• Capillary-Endo, basement mem

Question 4

What is blood pressure?

Answer 4

• Driving force of blood flow

Question 5

What are the two types of blood pressure?

Answer 5

• Systolic-Upper value as ventricles contracting
• Diastolic-lower value as ventricles are not contrating but filling

Question 6

What is normal blood pressure?

Answer 6

120/80 mmHg

Question 7

What is the BP equation?

Answer 7

BP=Cardiac output X TPR(total peripheral resistance)

Question 8

How is blood pressure regulated?

Answer 8

• Kidneys activate Renin-Andgiotensin-Aldosterone system
• This increases fluid in the system inc BP
• Or deccreses??

Question 9

What is Hypertension?

Answer 9

• BP associated with significant cardiovasuclar risk

Question 10

What is essential hypertension?

Answer 10

• Thought to be due to a range of factors:
• Obesity
• Insulin recistance
• alcohol
• genetics
• Environment
• age
• etc

Question 11

What is isolated systolic hypertension?

Answer 11

• Associated with ageing
• Aorta becomes stiffer, inc in systolic BP with normal diastolic

Question 12

How does hypertension develop?(theory) 1

Answer 12

• Raise in pressure:
• Fluid overload
• Inc in RAAS
• Inc vasoconstriction
• Endothelial dysfunction
• LEADS to adaptation, Remodelling of blood vessels, Hypertrophy of small arteries to protect capilliaries

Question 13

How does hypertension develop?(theory) 2

Answer 13

• Adaption leads to Establishmen which leads to:
• Incd vascular resistance
• Incd reactivity of arteries
• Maintains high BP

Question 14

What is Secondary hypertension?

Answer 14

• Can be due to:
• Renal disease
• Renovascular diease
• Conn’s syndrome(raised aldosterone)
• Cushing’s syndrome (raised cortisol)
• Hyperthyrodism
• Phaeochromocytoma(adrenal gland tumour)
• Pregnancy
• Drugs

Question 15

What are the consequences of Hypertension?

Answer 15

• Risk of CVD doubles for every 20/10mmHg inc from 115/75
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Inc risk of myocardial infarction and stroke
• Dev of renal impairment
• Dev of chronic heart failure

Question 16

What are goals of treatment?

Answer 16

• Red of BP with as few SE as possible
• Red cardiovascular damge
• Preservation of renal function
• Limitation or reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy
• Red in mortality due to stroke

Question 17

How do you treat hypertension?

Answer 17

• Inhibiting inc in either cardiac output or TPR