Inflammation and Repair (Bikman)

Question 1

Inflammation is a complex reaction resulting in ___, ____ and ____ leaving the circulation to enter site of injury/ infection.

Answer 1

fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes

Question 2

5 R’s of Inflammation

Answer 2

recognition
recruitment 
removal 
regulation
resolution

Question 3

sights of Inflammation (5)

Answer 3

Dolor
Calor
Rubor
Tumor
Functio Laesa

Question 4

Dolor meaning?

Answer 4

pain

Question 5

Calor?

Answer 5

heat

Question 6

Rubor?

Answer 6

redness

Question 7

Tumor?

Answer 7

swelling

Question 8

functio laesa

Answer 8

loss of function

Question 9

What cells infiltrate the injury site with acute inflammation?

Answer 9

neutrophils

Question 10

What cells infiltrate the injury site with chronic inflammation? (2)

Answer 10

monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 11

What cells mediate inflammation?

What cell is the first to respond to injury?

Answer 11

monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil cells

first to respond are neutrophil

Question 12

What are the two types of acute inflammation?

Answer 12

Vascular and Cellular

Question 13

In regards to acute inflammation, what does the vascular type do?

Answer 13

change in vessels, increases blood flow allowing plasma proteins to leave vessel

(increased vasodilation and increased vessel permeability )

Question 14

What is the main mediator of vessel changes with acute inflammation?

What cells make that mediator?

Answer 14

Histamine, which increases vasodilation and increased vessel permeability

made by Mast cells

Question 15

In regards to acute inflammation, what does the cellular type do?

Answer 15

emigration of leukocytes from blood circulation–> injury site

Question 16

What two things help recognize injury of cell with acute inflammation?

Answer 16

Pattern Recognition receptors and infammasomes.

Question 17

what do infammosomes do?

Answer 17

identify products of cellular damage and active caspases.

Question 18

What are some results of increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

Answer 18

redness and swelling
stasis (dilated vessels packed with RBCs)
margination (leukocytes at surface of injury)

Question 19

with hydrostatic pressure, what causes it to change?

Answer 19

heart beating, h2o volume, gravity, and size of vessels, h20 is pushed out of vessel

Question 20

with oncotic pressure, what causes it to change?

Answer 20

plasma proteins , h2o is pulled towards plasma proteins into capillaries.

Question 21

Where is hydrostatic pressure the greatest? Arterial end or venous end?

Answer 21

Arterial end

Question 22

Does Oncotic pressure change or stay constant throughout capillaries?

Answer 22

constant

Question 23

Which pressure type would be considered a pulling force?

Answer 23

oncotic pressure, pulls h20 into capillaries towards plasma proteins

Question 24

what pressure type would be considered a pushing force?

Answer 24

hydrostatic pressure, pushes h20 out of capillaries..

Question 25

If the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the oncotic pressure, fluid will ___ the capillaries.

Answer 25

leave the capillaries. Hydrostatic pressure pushes h2o out of capillaries.

Question 26

If the onctoic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure fluid will ____ the capillaries.

Answer 26

enter the capillaries Oncotic pressure pulls h2o into the capillaries towards plasma proteins in capillaries

Question 27

____ is the accumulation of fluids in interstitial spaces

Answer 27

Edema

Question 28

Edema can be caused by what four things changes?

Answer 28

increase in hydrostatic P decrease in plasma proteins increase in capillary permeability lymph obstruction

Question 29

What are the two ways to describe edema based on the composition of fluid?

Answer 29

Transudate vs Exudate

Question 30

With Transudate edema, what does it look like? What cause transudate edema?

Answer 30

very clear, high water content, low proteins/cells caused by increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

with Exudate edema, what does it look like? What causes exudate edema?

Answer 31

cloudy/opaque , high proteins/cells caused by increased capillary permeability

Question 32

In regards to acute inflammation, the cellular response type would cause what cells to migrate to injury site?

Answer 32

Leukocytes, which can kills pathogens but can also damage other tissue..

Question 33

What are the four steps of Leukocytes going to injury site? | aka leukocytes adhesion cascada

Answer 33

1. margination and rolling 2. adhesion (selections) 3. transmigration (integrins) 4. chemotaxis

Question 34

what cells help with the adhesion of leukocytes ?

Answer 34

selections, theses are cellular adhesion molecules near infection site.

Question 35

what cells help with the transmigration of leukocytes?

Answer 35

integrins

Question 36

within the first 24 hours of injury what cells would you expect to see at injury site? during 24-48, what cells would you expect to see?

Answer 36

1st. neutrophils, then monocytes, which become macrophages.

Question 37

what are oposonins?

Answer 37

anitbody that marks a pathogen for an immune response, helps leukocytes correctly ID and engulf pathogens

Question 38

What are the three mediators of inflammation?

Answer 38

phospholipase A2 cyclooxygenase lipoxygenase anti-inflammatory steroid would inhibits these

Question 39

Chronic inflammation would be signaled by what cells?

Answer 39

monocytes and macrophages.

Question 40

what is a granuloma?

Answer 40

pattern of inflammation of aggregates of activated macrophages and lymphoocytes

Question 41

what do omega 3 fatty acids do to inflammation? what do saturated fatty acids do to inflammation?

Answer 41

decrease inflammation increase inflammation

Question 42

what are the two steps of repair? which is 1st intention and which is second intention?

Answer 42

1st intention- regeneration | 2nd = scar forming

Question 43

____ tissues are always proliferating, and are best able to regenerate.

Answer 43

Labial examples include skin, GI epithelium, bone marrow, oral muscosa

Question 44

Which tissue type has no proliferation, and will always scar?

Answer 44

Permanent tissue | in neurons and cardiac MM

Question 45

Scar formation involved what three steps?

Answer 45

1. angiogenesis (new blood vessels forming) 2. migration and proliferation of fibroblasts 3. remodeling of tissue