Histology Changes and Diseases (Reynolds)

Question 1

what tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the GI tract, respiratory, and urogenital system, as well as vessels and body cavities?

Answer 1

epithelial tissue.

Question 2

is epithelial tissue polar or non polar?

Answer 2

polar, has apical, basal and lateral surfaces

Question 3

what does epithelial tissue “rest” on?

Answer 3

double layered basement membrane

Question 4

True or False Epithelial tissue is vascularized.

Answer 4

False, it’s avascular

Question 5

what are the 2 types of collagen that make up the basement membrane?

Answer 5

Types 4 and 7

Question 6

what are the layers of the basement membrane?

Answer 6

• basal lamina (superficial)
• reticular CT (deep)

basal lamina has two layers, lamina lucida and lamina densa so overall superficial to deep BM layers= lamina lucida lamina densa lamina reticularis

Question 7

What are the main functions of the epithelia ?

Answer 7

act as barrier, protection, secretion, absorption

Question 8

cilia are made of? function?

Answer 8

microtubules, cilia for movement

Question 9

what are microvilli made of? function?

Answer 9

microfilaments, actin specifically for increased absorption/increasing surface area they are not motile (like cilia)

Question 10

on what type of epithelial cells would you expect to find microvilli?

Answer 10

simple columnar epithelial cells of small intestines and stomach

Question 11

what are the four types of cell junctions found in epithelial tissue ?

Answer 11

• tight junctions
• adherens junctions
• gap junctions
• desmosomes

Question 12

what is the function of a tight junction?

Answer 12

form close contact between adjacent cells, in apical region, prevent paracellular transport

Question 13

what is the function of an adherens junction ?

Answer 13

for intracellular adhesion and interaction of actomyosin cytoskeleton with the plasma membrane

Question 14

what is the function of desmosomes ?

Answer 14

linker proteins, connect plasma membrane to intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm , important in stratified epithelium

Question 15

what is the function of gap junctions?

Answer 15

they are connexon proteins, intercellular channels between adjacent cells

Question 16

what are the two main classes of epithelial tissues?

Answer 16

membranous epithelia and glandular epithelia

Question 17

what are the two types of membranous epithelia?

Answer 17

simple and stratified

Question 18

would you name stratified epithelia from the basal or apical side?

Answer 18

apical side, names according to most superficial cells shape

Question 19

where would you find glandular epithelia?

Answer 19

glands/ducts

Question 20

what are the two types of simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 20

• endothelium- lines blood vessels
• mesothelium- lines body cavities
• ^^ both mesodermally derived

Question 21

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

Answer 21

simple squamous epithelium , in blood vessels (endothelium) or lining body cavities (mesothelium)

Question 22

Name?

Answer 22

simple squamous epithelium

Question 23

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

Answer 23

simple cuboidal epithelium, found in glands/ducts

Question 24

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

Answer 24

simple columnar epithelium, found lining the stomach, small intestines, kidney collecting ducts, usually have microvilli for absoprtion

Question 25

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

Answer 25

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, lining the nasal cavities, trachea

Question 26

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

Answer 26

stratified squamous epithelium, found in skin, anus, mouth

Question 27

would would you find keratinized stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 27

epidermis

Question 28

where would you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 28

esophagus, mouth, vagina, anus

Question 29

where would you find transititional epithelium?

Answer 29

bladder, ureters, urethra

Question 30

what are the two types of glands formed by infolding of glandular epithelium?

Answer 30

exocrine and endocrine exocrine- uses ducts endocrine- uses hormones, into blood stream

Question 31

is a golbet cell multi or uni ceullular?

Answer 31

unicellular

Question 32

are sweat and oil glands multi or unicellular?

Answer 32

multicellular

Question 33

name these multicellular exocrine gland

Answer 33

simple tubular and simple branched tubular

Question 34

name these multicellular exocrine gland

Answer 34

simple alverolar and simple branched alveolar

Question 35

name this multicellular exocrine gland

Answer 35

compound tubular

Question 36

name this multicellular exocrine gland

Answer 36

compound alveolar

Question 37

is the basal lamina cellular?

Answer 37

no, its acellular , a supporting sheet between epithelium and CT its the most superficial part of the basement membrane, reticular layer is deeper part of BM

Question 38

what is the most diverse and abundant tissue type? and what are the main classes?

Answer 38

Connective tissue, main classes= CT proper (loose and dense) cartilage, bone, blood

Question 39

what is the common tissue of origin for CT?

Answer 39

mesenchyme (mesoderm derived)

Question 40

what structural elements compose the CT?

Answer 40

ground substance (material that fills spaces between cells) fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular) cells like fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells

Question 41

What are the types of CT proper for Loose CT?

Answer 41

areolar adipose reticular

Question 42

what are the types of proper CT for dense CT?

Answer 42

regular irregular elastic

Question 43

function of fibroblasts?

Answer 43

secrete proteins needed for fiber synthesis and components of the ECM

Question 44

what are macrophages derived from? function?

Answer 44

monocytes (WBC type), functions= phagocytosis

Question 45

whats the function of hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 45

form blood cells, all blood cells start as hemocytoblasts.. from red bone marrow

Question 46

3 major components of the ECM?

Answer 46

protein fibers (collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers {type 3 collagen}) ground substance (have hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, adhesive molecules like fibronectin) fluid

Question 47

name this type of connective tissue

Answer 47

areolar CT, part of loose CT proper

Question 48

name this CT

Answer 48

adipose CT, part of loose CT proper

Question 49

name this CT

Answer 49

reticular CT, part of loose CT proper made of type 3 collagen

Question 50

name this CT

Answer 50

dense irregular CT

Question 51

name this CT

Answer 51

dense regular CT

Question 52

name this CT

Answer 52

dense elastic CT

Question 53

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 53

acute inflammation, see lots of neutrophils accumulating

Question 54

Histopathology, name this picture

Answer 54

apoptosis

Question 55

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 55

Atrophy, cells shrinking from normal size

Question 56

Histopathology, name this picture

Answer 56

calcification

Question 57

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 57

chronic inflammation, would have lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells. no neutrophils .. because that would be seen with actute inflammation

Question 58

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 58

hyperplasia, increase in cell numbers

Question 59

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 59

hypertrophy, increase in cell size.. see "box car" nucelus

Question 60

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 60

hydropic change, cellular swelling

Question 61

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 61

karyorrhexis, indicates irreversible cellular damange, fragmentation of nucleus

Question 62

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 62

metaplasia, cells changing from one type to another, common cause from smoking (lungs)

Question 63

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 63

monomorphism, cells show little difference in size/shape..

Question 64

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 64

multinucleation,

Question 65

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 65

pleomorphism, cells that show differences in size/ shape opposite of monomorphism

Question 66

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 66

pyknosis= clumping of chromatin in nucleus, can be irreversible or reversible, if irreversible followed by karyorrhexis and karyolysis

Question 67

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

Answer 67

necrosis. messy, will have inflammation present while in contrast apoptosis will not have inflammation present

Question 68

what is mesothelioma?

Answer 68

cancer of mesothelium (type of simple squamous epithelium, lining body cavities) cancer cells will develop long slender microvilli

Question 69

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 69

plaque build up of cholesterol, lipids and lipophages.. in simple squamous epithelium, endothelium (blood vessels) can cause clots which lead to strokes

Question 70

what is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 70

over production of thyroid hormone, cells go through metaplasia, changing shape

Question 71

what is celiac disease?

Answer 71

disorder of small intestines, simple columnar epithelium gluten damages these cells

Question 72

what is bronchitis?

Answer 72

inflammation of bronchi, inhibits cilia activity, increased muscus production in psuedostratified columnar epithelium

Question 73

what is psoriasis?

Answer 73

chronic inflammation of skin, (stratified squamous epithelium) believed to be caused by T-cell reactions