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DMD 5243 Cellular/Histological Change > Histology Changes and Diseases (Reynolds) > Flashcards

Histology Changes and Diseases (Reynolds) Flashcards

1
Q

what tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the GI tract, respiratory, and urogenital system, as well as vessels and body cavities?

A

epithelial tissue.

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2
Q

is epithelial tissue polar or non polar?

A

polar, has apical, basal and lateral surfaces

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3
Q

what does epithelial tissue “rest” on?

A

double layered basement membrane

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4
Q

True or False Epithelial tissue is vascularized.

A

False, it’s avascular

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of collagen that make up the basement membrane?

A

Types 4 and 7

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6
Q

what are the layers of the basement membrane?

A
  • basal lamina (superficial)
  • reticular CT (deep)

basal lamina has two layers, lamina lucida and lamina densa so overall superficial to deep BM layers= lamina lucida lamina densa lamina reticularis

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the epithelia ?

A

act as barrier, protection, secretion, absorption

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8
Q

cilia are made of? function?

A

microtubules, cilia for movement

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9
Q

what are microvilli made of? function?

A

microfilaments, actin specifically for increased absorption/increasing surface area they are not motile (like cilia)

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10
Q

on what type of epithelial cells would you expect to find microvilli?

A

simple columnar epithelial cells of small intestines and stomach

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11
Q

what are the four types of cell junctions found in epithelial tissue ?

A
  • tight junctions
  • adherens junctions
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes
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12
Q

what is the function of a tight junction?

A

form close contact between adjacent cells, in apical region, prevent paracellular transport

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13
Q

what is the function of an adherens junction ?

A

for intracellular adhesion and interaction of actomyosin cytoskeleton with the plasma membrane

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14
Q

what is the function of desmosomes ?

A

linker proteins, connect plasma membrane to intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm , important in stratified epithelium

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15
Q

what is the function of gap junctions?

A

they are connexon proteins, intercellular channels between adjacent cells

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16
Q

what are the two main classes of epithelial tissues?

A

membranous epithelia and glandular epithelia

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17
Q

what are the two types of membranous epithelia?

A

simple and stratified

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18
Q

would you name stratified epithelia from the basal or apical side?

A

apical side, names according to most superficial cells shape

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19
Q

where would you find glandular epithelia?

A

glands/ducts

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20
Q

what are the two types of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • endothelium- lines blood vessels
  • mesothelium- lines body cavities
  • ^^ both mesodermally derived
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21
Q

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

A

simple squamous epithelium , in blood vessels (endothelium) or lining body cavities (mesothelium)

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22
Q

Name?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, found in glands/ducts

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24
Q

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

A

simple columnar epithelium, found lining the stomach, small intestines, kidney collecting ducts, usually have microvilli for absoprtion

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25
Q

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

A

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, lining the nasal cavities, trachea

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26
Q

Name? where might this tissue type be found?

A

stratified squamous epithelium, found in skin, anus, mouth

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27
Q

would would you find keratinized stratified squamous epithelia?

A

epidermis

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28
Q

where would you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

esophagus, mouth, vagina, anus

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29
Q

where would you find transititional epithelium?

A

bladder, ureters, urethra

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30
Q

what are the two types of glands formed by infolding of glandular epithelium?

A

exocrine and endocrine

exocrine- uses ducts

endocrine- uses hormones, into blood stream

31
Q

is a golbet cell multi or uni ceullular?

A

unicellular

32
Q

are sweat and oil glands multi or unicellular?

A

multicellular

33
Q

name these multicellular exocrine gland

A

simple tubular and simple branched tubular

34
Q

name these multicellular exocrine gland

A

simple alverolar and simple branched alveolar

35
Q

name this multicellular exocrine gland

A

compound tubular

36
Q

name this multicellular exocrine gland

A

compound alveolar

37
Q

is the basal lamina cellular?

A

no, its acellular , a supporting sheet between epithelium and CT

its the most superficial part of the basement membrane, reticular layer is deeper part of BM

38
Q

what is the most diverse and abundant tissue type? and what are the main classes?

A

Connective tissue,

main classes= CT proper (loose and dense)

cartilage,

bone,

blood

39
Q

what is the common tissue of origin for CT?

A

mesenchyme (mesoderm derived)

40
Q

what structural elements compose the CT?

A

ground substance (material that fills spaces between cells)

fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular)

cells like fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells

41
Q

What are the types of CT proper for Loose CT?

A

areolar

adipose

reticular

42
Q

what are the types of proper CT for dense CT?

A

regular

irregular

elastic

43
Q

function of fibroblasts?

A

secrete proteins needed for fiber synthesis and components of the ECM

44
Q

what are macrophages derived from? function?

A

monocytes (WBC type), functions= phagocytosis

45
Q

whats the function of hematopoietic stem cells?

A

form blood cells,

all blood cells start as hemocytoblasts.. from red bone marrow

46
Q

3 major components of the ECM?

A

protein fibers (collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers {type 3 collagen})

ground substance (have hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, adhesive molecules like fibronectin)

fluid

47
Q

name this type of connective tissue

A

areolar CT, part of loose CT proper

48
Q

name this CT

A

adipose CT, part of loose CT proper

49
Q

name this CT

A

reticular CT, part of loose CT proper

made of type 3 collagen

50
Q

name this CT

A

dense irregular CT

51
Q

name this CT

A

dense regular CT

52
Q

name this CT

A

dense elastic CT

53
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

acute inflammation, see lots of neutrophils accumulating

54
Q

Histopathology, name this picture

A

apoptosis

55
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

Atrophy, cells shrinking from normal size

56
Q

Histopathology, name this picture

A

calcification

57
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

chronic inflammation, would have lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells.

no neutrophils .. because that would be seen with actute inflammation

58
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

hyperplasia, increase in cell numbers

59
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

hypertrophy, increase in cell size..

see “box car” nucelus

60
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

hydropic change, cellular swelling

61
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

karyorrhexis, indicates irreversible cellular damange, fragmentation of nucleus

62
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

metaplasia, cells changing from one type to another, common cause from smoking (lungs)

63
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

monomorphism, cells show little difference in size/shape..

64
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

multinucleation,

65
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

pleomorphism, cells that show differences in size/ shape

opposite of monomorphism

66
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

pyknosis= clumping of chromatin in nucleus, can be irreversible or reversible,

if irreversible followed by karyorrhexis and karyolysis

67
Q

Histopathology, name this picture/ describe

A

necrosis. messy, will have inflammation present

while in contrast apoptosis will not have inflammation present

68
Q

what is mesothelioma?

A

cancer of mesothelium (type of simple squamous epithelium, lining body cavities)

cancer cells will develop long slender microvilli

69
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

plaque build up of cholesterol, lipids and lipophages..

in simple squamous epithelium, endothelium (blood vessels)

can cause clots which lead to strokes

70
Q

what is hyperthyroidism?

A

over production of thyroid hormone, cells go through metaplasia, changing shape

71
Q

what is celiac disease?

A

disorder of small intestines, simple columnar epithelium

gluten damages these cells

72
Q

what is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of bronchi, inhibits cilia activity, increased muscus production

in psuedostratified columnar epithelium

73
Q

what is psoriasis?

A

chronic inflammation of skin, (stratified squamous epithelium)

believed to be caused by T-cell reactions

DMD 5243 Cellular/Histological Change (5 decks)

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