Inflammation and repair

Question 1

Vascular changes, vasodilation. Which mediators are responsible for this?

Answer 1

leukotriene, bradykinin, histamine

Question 2

We know that neutrophils start to roll along the endothelium of blood vessels so they can eventually squeeze out. What vascular change is responsible for this?

Answer 2

Vasodilation. With the increase in BV diameter, the blood flows more slowly (stasis), allowing the WBCs to be pushed up against the endothelium (margination) and be affected by integrins and selectins and eventualy squeeze out.

Question 3

Cell derived mediators

Answer 3

histamine, serotonin (these two in granules)
The following via de novo synthezation: 
prostaglandins
platelet activating factor
leukotrienes
ROS
NO
cytokines
neuropeptides (substance P and nociceptors; endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins - opioids)

Question 4

Acute phase proteins from the liver

Answer 4

complement activating proteins
pentraxins (CRP - c-reactive protein, SAP serum amyloid protein, bind to bacterial cell membrane lipid components
activate classical pathway), collectins (MBL pathway), ficollins (MBL pathway)?
Factor XII - Hageman factor

Question 5

Factor XII (Hageman factor)

Answer 5

kinin system - bradykinin

coagulation/fibrinolysis system

Question 6

Macrophage cytokines

Answer 6

IL-12 - cause NK cells and T-cells to produce IFN-gamma

GM-CSF - mobilize neutrophils out of BM

Question 7

Which cells have preformed granules of histamine?

Answer 7

macrophages, basophils, and platelets

Histamine is VASODILATOR.

Question 8

Serotonin

Answer 8

VASOCONSTRICTOR

stored as preformed granules in platelets, released during clotting

Question 9

The Arachidonic acid mechanism is typically found in membranes of what innate immune cells?

Answer 9

neutrophils and mast cells

Question 10

Cyclooxygenase pathway

Answer 10

prostaglandins (pain + vasodilation and increased vascular permeability)
prostacyclin (inhibits clot formation)
thromboxane (platelet activator)

Question 11

Lipoxygenase pathway

Answer 11

lipoxin - endogenous antagonist to leukotrienes, anti-inflammatory, anti-chemotactic for neutrophils (inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and attachment to endothelium)
leukotrienes (chemotactic signal for neutrophils, powerful vasoconstrictor and increases vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction)

Question 12

Which mediator type is the culprit for systemic shock if in large enough quantity?

Answer 12

cytokines, TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6

Question 13

What tells the liver to actually release those acute phase proteins?

Answer 13

cytokines, IL-6

Question 14

Antioxidants to know (eventually)

Answer 14

Superoxide dismutase 
Glutathione peroxidase
Know these first two for cardiovascular.
Catalase - remember this from microbio?
Endogenous and exogenous anti-oxidants  (Vitamins E, A, C, and β-carotene