Inflammation and Immune Response

Question 1

What are human leukocyte antigens?

Answer 1

unique universal product code for each person; key for recognition and self-tolerance

Question 2

What are the 5 types of WBCs and what are their functions?

Answer 2

1. lymphocytes
   
   • includes NK cells, T cells, and B cells
   • non-circulating type of WBC that are responsible for specific immunity
   • can proliferate into memory cells
2. monocytes
   
   • includes macrophages
   • largest of the WBCs
   • respond to inflammatory signals
3. eosinophils
   
   • ingest and kill multicellular organisms
   • allergic reactions or asthma attacks
4. basophils
   
   • aid in inflammatory response
5. neutrophils
   
   • target bacteria and fungi

Question 3

Differentiate between B cells, T cells, plasma cells, and NK cells?

Answer 3

– B cells: give rise to antibodies

– T cells: secrete chemical messengers

– plasma cells: secrete antibodies

– NK cells: destroy all cells, but mostly virally infected cells

Question 4

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 4

immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and foreign particles; rids the body of harmful organisms; may result from tissue damage (not always due to infection)

Question 5

What is infection?

Answer 5

a response to tissue injury or the invasion of organisms; usually accompanied by inflammation (but inflammation can occur without infection)

Question 6

What is the difference between segs and bands?

Answer 6

– segs: segmented (mature) neutrophils

• associated with a shift to the right

– bands: immature neutrophils

• associated with a shift to the left – this is when immature neutrophils are released by the body in a last-ditch attempt to ward off the infection

Question 7

What are the 5 cardinal responses of inflammation (in sequence)?

Answer 7

1. warmth
2. redness
3. swelling
4. pain
5. decreased function

Question 8

Explain the 3 stages of the inflammatory response.

Answer 8

1. stage I: vascular – a change in blood vessels
   
   • ​phase I – constriction
   • phase II – hyperemia and edema
2. stage II: cellular exudate – neutrophilia and pus
3. stage III: tissue repair and replacement

Question 9

Differentiate between antibody-mediate (humoral) immunity and cell-mediated (cellular) immunity.

Answer 9

– antibody-mediated (humoral)

• production of antibodies by B cells

– cell-mediated (cellular)

• T-cell differentiation
• protection of the body through self and non-self cell differentiation
• important in prevention of cancer

Question 10

What are the 3 types of transplant rejections?

Answer 10

1. hyperacute rejection: immediate response
   
   • blood clotting cascade
2. acute rejection: occurs 1 - 3 months after transplant
   
   • vasculitis
   • necrosis of organ
   • can be managed with medications
3. chronic rejection:
   
   • blood vessels overgrow and become occluded
   • organ scarring leads to necrosis due to decreased perfusion
   • this occurs to some degree in all transplants

Question 11

What are the 2 ways to treat transplant rejection?

Answer 11

1. maintenance: continuous immunosuppressants
2. rescue therapy: used to treat acute reactions