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Animal Health & Disease > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of inflammation

A

Protective response to dilute, isolate and eliminate the cause of injury, and to repair tissue damage resulting from the injury

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2
Q

Repair begins during what phase of inflammation

A

Early on

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3
Q

How is injured tissue replaced in inflammation

A

By regeneration of native parenchymal cells, filling with fibroblasts, or a combination of the two

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4
Q

The inflammatory process is primarily a reaction of what?

A

Blood vessels resulting in the accumulation of fluid, electrolytes, plasma proteins and leukocytes in extravascular tissues

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5
Q

Vasodilation is responsible for…

A

Heat and redness

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6
Q

Increased vascular permeability is responsible for…

A

Swelling

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7
Q

Mediator release is responsible for…

A

Pain and loss of function

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8
Q

Connective tissue cells involved in inflammatory response

A

Mast cells, fibroblast, macrophages

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9
Q

Cells in the blood vessels involved in inflammation

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte, lymphocyte, platelets, monocytes, clotting factors, eosinophils, basophils

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10
Q

Cells in the connective tissue involved in inflammation

A

Elastic fibers, collagen fibers, proteoglycans

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11
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Rapid, short lived, exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, neurtophils

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12
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Long, lymphocytes and macrophages, fibrosis, tissue necrosis

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13
Q

3 major components of acute inflammation

A

Vasodilation (increase blood flow), endothelial permeability (leukocytes leave circulation), activation of leukocytes

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14
Q

Vasodilation is induced by…

A

The action of mediators on vascular smooth muscle

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15
Q

Vasodilation mediators

A

MO, bradykinin, PGD2, LTB4

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16
Q

Why does blood stasis occur with vasodilation

A

There is increased viscosity of the blood

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17
Q

Increased vascular permeability leaves in a ______ in intravascular osmotic pressure and ____ interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

A

Decrease; increase

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18
Q

Transudate vs exudate: which happens in the arterioles, capillaries and venules during acute inflammation

A

Transudate in arterioles, exudate in capillaries and venules

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19
Q

8 cells of inflammation

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils & mast cells, monocytes & macrophages, lymphocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

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20
Q

What are the first WBCs to attain the inflammatory site

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response

A

Kill, eliminate foreign material, and limit growth

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22
Q

What are neutrophil extracellular traps?

A

Activated neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that form extracellular fibers to bind gram positive and negative bacteria

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23
Q

Eosinophils can induce histamine release from what cells?

A

Mast cells and basophils

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24
Q

Mast cells are located…

A

Perivascular

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25
Q

Basophils are located…

A

In circulation

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26
Q

Where are basophils and mast cells most numerous

A

At sites of contact with the external environment

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27
Q

What Ig do mast cells and basophils bind to?

A

IgE (Fc portion)

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28
Q

What is the hallmark of chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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29
Q

What are two cellular events in inflammation

A

Leukocyte extravasation and phagocytosis

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30
Q

What is margination

A

When WBCs collect along the endothelium

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31
Q

What is rolling

A

When WBCs adhere transiently to the endothelium wall

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32
Q

Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium is controlled by what?

A

Selectins and integrins and their ligands

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33
Q

TNF and IL-1 induce endothelial expression of…

A

ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which binds integrins in the surface of WBCs

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34
Q

What is another name for transmigration

A

Diapedesis

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35
Q

Where does transmigration predominantly occur

A

In the venules

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36
Q

What acts on the rolling WBCs in the venules to stimulate their activation and migration through the endothelium

A

Chemokines

37
Q

What WBCs usually transmigrate first

A

Neutrophils

38
Q

Steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade

A

Rolling, activation by chemokines and cytokines, stable adhesion and migration through the endothelium

39
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement toward the site of injury along a chemical gradient

40
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

C5a, arachidonic acid metabolites, LPS, histamines, PAF, chemokines

41
Q

The production of chemokines is induced by…

A

Exogenous irritants

42
Q

3 steps of leukocyte phagocytosis and degranulation

A

Recognition and attachment, engulfment, killing or degradation

43
Q

Mannose receptors on leukocytes bind

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids on microbial cell walls

44
Q

Scavenger receptors on leukocytes bind

A

Microbes and modified LDL particles

45
Q

Macrophage integrins bind

A

Microbes

46
Q

Opsonization

A

Coating of the extraneous matter with opsonin’s which bind to leukocytes

47
Q

3 main opsonins

A

Fc fragment of IgG, C3b and plasma proteins such as mannose-binding lectin

48
Q

Microbial killing is accomplished largely by…

A

Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and lysosomal enzymes

49
Q

3 situations that lead to leukocyte-induced tissue injury

A

Lysosome rupture, regurgitation during feeding, frustrated phagocytosis

50
Q

Mediators of vasodilation

A

PGD2, NO, leukotrienes, histamine and bradykinin

51
Q

Mediators of increased vascular permeability

A

Histamine, serotonin, C3a/C5a, leukotrienes, cytokines

52
Q

Mediators of chemotaxis and leukocyte activation

A

C5a, leukotriene, chemokines, LPS, cytokines

53
Q

Mediators of fever

A

Cytokines and prostaglandins

54
Q

Mediators of pain

A

Prostaglandins and bradykinin

55
Q

Mediators of tissue damage

A

Neutrophil and macrophage lysosomal enzymes

56
Q

Vasoactive amines

A

Histamine and serotonin

57
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Kinins, clotting system, complement system

58
Q

Activation of the kinin system results in the release of

A

Bradykinin

59
Q

The kinin system is activated by…

A

The intrinsic coagulation pathway (Hageman, factor XII)

60
Q

What inactivates bradykinin

A

Kininase

61
Q

What represents the main link between the coagulation system and inflammation?

A

Protease thrombin

62
Q

What is the complement system important in?

A

Inflammation, opsonization, cell lysis

63
Q

3 pathways of complement system

A

Classical, alternative, lectin

64
Q

What is the membrane attack complex

A

Polymerization of C9 forming a channel in lipid membranes, it allows for fluid and ions to enter the cell and cause lysis

65
Q

Membrane attack complex complement proteins

A

C5b-C9

66
Q

Vascular effects complement proteins

A

C3a and C5a

67
Q

AA metabolism complement proteins

A

C5a

68
Q

Leukocyte activation, adhesion and chemotaxis complement protein

A

C5a

69
Q

Phagocytosis complement protein

A

C3b

70
Q

The breakdown of arachidonic acid results in what metabolites?

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, lipoxins and leukotrienes

71
Q

Two pathways of AA metabolism

A

Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenases

72
Q

AA metabolites participate in…

A

Every aspect of acute inflammation

73
Q

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is produced by

A

Leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells

74
Q

What are cytokines

A

Proteins produced by many cell types that modulate functions of other cell types

75
Q

2 major cytokines that mediate inflammation

A

TNF and IL-1

76
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Complete resolution, healing, chronic inflammation, abscess formation

77
Q

How is tissue damage repaired?

A

By parenchymal regeneration or by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis)

78
Q

When will scar formation occur

A

When there is damage to the tissue framework, damaged connective tissue

79
Q

Labile cells

A

Constant turnover, easily replaceable

80
Q

Quiescent cells

A

In resting phase, G0 cells have to cycle

81
Q

Permanent cells

A

Replaced by scar or cavity

82
Q

Steps of fibrosis and scarring

A

Formation of new blood vessels, migration/proliferation of fibroblasts, deposits of ECM components, maturation/organization of fibrous tissue

83
Q

Granulation tissue is due to…

A

The formation of new small blood vessels, edema, proliferation of fibroblasts and presence of macrophages

84
Q

Angiogenesis can occur by…

A

Mobilization of endothelial precursor cells from the bone marrow and by pre-existing vessels

85
Q

Growth factors in angiogenesis

A

VEGF, angiopoietins 1 and 2, FGFs, PDGF, TGF-B

86
Q

3 processes of fibrosis

A

Emigration and proliferation of fibroblasts, deposition of ECM components, tissue remodeling

87
Q

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts is controlled by…

A

Growth factors and cytokines

88
Q

Growth factors are mainly derived from…

A

Platelets, inflammatory cells, and endothelium

Animal Health & Disease (9 decks)

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