inflammation

Question 1

Cells lining blood vessel walls. Space between them is tight, limiting movement of cells and particles across the wall.
They produce antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents (to prevent formation of clots), vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, regulate leukocyte movement (through the use of adhesion molecules) and immune cell proliferation (through secretion of colony-stimulating factors) and participate in the repair process through angiogenesis and formation of an extracellular matrix

Answer 1

endothelial cells

Question 2

Primary role is hemostasis (stemming of blood flow) but also produce inflammatory mediators to alter the properties of the endothelium.

Answer 2

platelets

Question 3

They are the main phagocytic leukocytes. They contain lysosomes filled with enzymes, meant to destroy invaders.
They are short-lived (incapable of division) and release macrophage chemotactic factor and become pus upon their deat.

Answer 3

neutrophils

Question 4

leukocytes derived from bone marrow, but contain larger and fewer lysosomes than their counterparts.

Answer 4

monocytes

Question 5

are responsive to lymphokines from T cells which enhance their efficacy and work with the immune system by processing and presenting antigens to the lymphocytes and by stimulating growth and differentiation of granulocytes and monocytes in the bone marrow and substances that promote wound healing

Answer 5

macrophages

Question 6

are granulocytes with many lysosomes, containing biochemical mediators and are prominent in the allergic response

Answer 6

eosinophils

Question 7

producing mediators in the allergic response

○ They also interact with the immune system- they bind to IgE through receptors on their cell surface

Answer 7

basophils

Question 8

are the most important activators of the inflammatory response, engaging in degranulation and synthesis of new mediators

Answer 8

mast cells

Question 9

results in: opsonization, chemotactic factors, anaphylatoxins, and lysis

Answer 9

complement system

Question 10

Serves to prevent the spread of infection by trapping the offending agent and retaining it at the site of inflammatory activity, to prevent bleeding and to provide the framework for eventual healing and repair

Answer 10

clotting system

Question 11

• Results in the release of bradykinin which causes:
Vasodilation; pain; extravascular smooth muscle contraction; increased vascular permeability; leukocyte chemotaxis; and stimulates pain receptors

Answer 11

kinin system

Question 12

present in performed cells and is one of the 1st mediators to be released during acute inflammation

Answer 12

histamine

Question 13

released mainly by mast cells, basophils and platelets and causes, smooth muscle contraction, small blood vessel dilation and increased vascular permeability

Answer 13

serotonin

Question 14

small membrane-enclosed sacs that contain very powerful enzyme

Answer 14

lysosomal enyzmes

Question 15

• fatty acids found in the phospholipids of the cell membrane
• Released from mast cells and initiate complex reactions that lead to the production of other inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins and leukotrienes)

Answer 15

Arachidonic acid metabolites

Question 16

are synthesized from arachidonic acid metabolites and serve to induce inflammation and enhance the effects of histamine and other inflammatory mediators

Answer 16

Prostaglandins

Question 17

produced primarily by platelets at the site of injury and promotes platelet aggregation, bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction

Answer 17

Thromboxane A2

Question 18

• are synthesized while histamine is busy at work
• Increase vascular permeability, induce smooth muscle contraction and constrict pulmonary airways, thus playing a major role in mediation of asthma and anaphylaxis

Answer 18

Leukotrienes

Question 19

• generated from lipids stored in the cell membrane and induce platelet aggregation
• Serves to activate neutrophils and potentially acts as a chemoattractant for eosinophils

Answer 19

Platelet activating factor

Question 20

are proteins that play a role in both acute and chronic inflammation and immunity

Answer 20

Cytokines/chemokines

Question 21

produced by the endothelial cells and causes smooth muscle relaxation and antagonizes platelet adhesion, aggregation and degranulation.

Answer 21

nitric oxide

Question 22

often released by leukocytes after exposure to microbes, cytokines and immune complexes or during the phagocytic process

Answer 22

oxygen-free radicals

Question 23

leukocytes move along the endothelial wall

Answer 23

migration

Question 24

leukocytes stick to the endothelium

Answer 24

adhesion

Question 25

leukocytes move to the site of injury in response to chemotactic factors

Answer 25

transmigration

Question 26

a response involving cell orientation or cell movement that is either toward (positive) or away (negative) a chemical stimulus

Answer 26

chemotaxis

Question 27

leukocytes slow migration, adhere tightly to the endothelium, and move along the periphery of the blood vessels where they accumulate

Answer 27

margination

Question 28

a process in which the plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends in finger-like projections

Answer 28

Pseudopod formation

Question 29

movement of the leukocytes through the widened junction between endothelial cells into the tissue

Answer 29

Diapedesis

Question 30

a process whereby adherence is enhanced between the phagocyte and the target cell

Answer 30

opsonization

Question 31

a process in which the phagocyte pseudopods surround and encircle the target, forming an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or “phagosome”

Answer 31

engulfment

Question 32

a process whereby the phagosome merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome

Answer 32

fusion with lysosome

Question 33

activated by antibodies and requires at least 2 Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade. Thus, the immune system can take advantage of this option for destruction of bacteria.

Answer 33

classical pathway (complement)

Question 34

activated by bacterial carbohydrates; no antibodies are required

Answer 34

Lectin pathway (complement)

Question 35

activated by gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides (endotoxins); no antibodies are required; it begins with activation of C3b and merges with the classical pathway at C5.

Answer 35

alternative pathway