Depression Flashcards
depression in the leading cause of ____
disability
__% of adults experience major depressive episodes at some time in their lives.
8
___% of Canadians are affected by mood disorders.
10
suicide in __% of individuals with major depressive disorder
15
twice as prevalent in ___ than ___.
women than men
what are the risk factors for depression?
childhood abuse, prior episode of depression, family history, lack of social support, stressful life event, current substance abuse, economic difficulties
how much does the brain weigh?
1300g (3lbs) in adults
on average, each neutron forms ___ synapses with other neurons.
1000
___ allele for serotonin transporter gene thought to reduce the speed with which serotonin neurons can adapt to changes in their stimulation
short
activates DNA binding factors that stimulate gene transcription of genes involved in serotonin function
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
people with the __ allele increases a person’s vulnerability to depression
met
people diagnosed with major depressive disorder have ___ levels of BDNF
lower
decreased levels of ___ and ___ in the synaptic cleft is the underlying process in depression
serotonin and norepinephrine
___ activity has also been implicated in mood disorders, with decreased activity in depression and increased activity in mania.
dopamine
is the chief administrator of the brain and is responsible for planning, problem solving, intellectual insight, judgement, and expression of emotion.
prefrontal cortex
___ matter is composed of primarily myelinated axons
white
__ matter contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia
gray
integrates and interprets somatic visual and auditory information that is critical for recognition of the familiar
temporal lobe
Physiologically, PET and MRI studies show evidence of decreased function in the __ and __ lobes.
frontal and temporal
increased blood flow and oxygen consumption during depression and abnormal neurodevelopment
amygdala
the __ and ___ are thought to mediate cognitive aspects of depression, such as memory impairments, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, guilt, doom, and suicidality.
neocortex and hippocampus
people with depression have increased levels of:
CRF and cortisol
childhood stress causes:
chronic disinhibition of HPA axis and exaggerated stress response as adults
antidepressants have ___ effects and have been used to treat chronic pain
anti-inflammatory
involve distorted negative beliefs and thoughts about the self, the environment, and the future that can induce and perpetuate depressive symptoms
psychodynamic factors
Involve a severe reduction in rewarding activities or an increase in unpleasant events in one’s life that results in depression and a further restriction of activity, decreasing the likelihood of experiencing pleasurable activities and intensifying a mood disturbance
behavioural factors
involve loss of a parent or lack of emotionally adequate parenting that may delay or prohibit the realization of appropriate developmental milestones
developmental factors
Involves a disruption in family dynamics involving maladaptive circular patterns in family interactions that contribute to the onset of depression in family members
family distress
Are adverse or traumatic life events especially that involve the loss of an important human relationship or role in life that is followed by a depression
social factors
block the reuptake of serotonin
SSRIs
block the degradation of NE and serotonin
MAOIs
inhibit the uptake of NE and serotonin into the presynaptic terminal allowing NE and serotonin to accumulate in the synapse and thus enhance their action.
TCAs
procedure that electrically stimulates a generalized seizure
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
ECT has been shown to up regulate levels of ___
BDNF
only indicated for patients whose depression is resistant to conventional treatments
ECT
uses artificial light to influence the production of melatonin and the function of catecholamine systems
light therapy
involves using an implanted stimulator that sends electric impulses to the left vagus nerve in the enck via a lead wire implanted under the skin
vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)
Involves the implantation of electrodes which are connected to a surgically implanted impulse generator that delivers electrical stimulation to the ventral striatum which has been found to have functional dysregulation in depression
deep brain stimulation
Involves stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by using weak electric currents which are induced in the tissue by rapidly changing magnetic fields or electromagnetic induction
transcranial magnetic stimulation
It is thought that by reducing stressors and negative thinking, the abnormal activity of the neurotransmitters indicated in depression and the stress response can be reduced, aiding in a more normal functioning of BDNF, neurotransmission, neuroendocrine abnormalities, and reduction &/or prevention of the neuroanatomical changes of depression
psychotherapy focused
