Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances

Question 1

Fluid balance at the level of the capillary relies on…

Answer 1

a balance between opposing forces: the pushing force of hydrostatic pressure, and the pulling force of oncotic pressure.

Question 2

at the arterial end of the capillary _____ pressure is higher than ___ pressure.

Answer 2

hydrostatic; oncotic

Question 3

toward the venous end of the capillary, much of the fluid has moved to the …

Answer 3

interstitial space

Question 4

excess interstitial fluid is …

Answer 4

taken up by the lymphatics and returned to the central circulation

Question 5

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can cause ….

Answer 5

higher amounts of fluid to leave the capillary

Question 6

if hydrostatic pressure continues to be high at the end of the venous end of the capillary, net fluid movement will be ____ of the capillary.

Answer 6

OUT

Question 7

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can result from…

Answer 7

hypertension or from an increase in fluid volume (sodium and water retention)

Question 8

any clinical situation that results in deceased albumin can result in …

Answer 8

a decrease of capillary oncotic pressure.

Question 9

leaky capillaries can lead to

Answer 9

increased interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure

Question 10

what causes increased tissue hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 10

obstruction of lymph flow (lymphedema)

Question 11

interstitial fluid accumulation

Answer 11

edema

Question 12

transcellular fluid accumulation

Answer 12

third-spacing

Question 13

fluid that collects in the peritoneal cavity

Answer 13

ascites

Question 14

edema that is related to salt retention is usually ___

Answer 14

pitting edema

Question 15

_____ in the hypothalamus keep track of osmolality or the concentration of the blood

Answer 15

osmoreceptors

Question 16

____ are sensors located in the blood vessel walls and in the kidneys. These receptors measure the stretch in the vessel walls that is produced by blood volume and blood pressure.

Answer 16

baroreceptors

Question 17

the body uses these mechanisms in response to messages from osmo- and baroreceptors …

Answer 17

• thirst
• ADH
• SNS
• RAAS
• Natriuretic peptides

Question 18

___ regulates GFR, tubular reabsorption and renin release

Answer 18

sympathetic NS

Question 19

who is at risk for fluid imbalances?

Answer 19

infants, elderly, obese, and ill.

Question 20

infants have a ___ % of body water than adults, and more than half of their total body water is in the ______

Answer 20

higher; extracellular compartment

Question 21

a reliable indicator of fluid volume

Answer 21

pulse and BP

Question 22

an indicator of alterations in body fluid and electrolyte balance.

Answer 22

thirst, mucous membranes, turgor, tearing.

Question 23

normal urine output in adults

Answer 23

1000-2000 ml/day

Question 24

• thirst (maybe)
• decrease in body weight (maybe)
• decreased urine output
• sunken eyes
• loss of skin turgor
• infants: tearing
• changes in BP
• changes in pulse
• Hct, BUN

Answer 24

manifestations of isotonic fluid volume deficit

Question 25

inadequate intake and excessive output

Answer 25

causes of isotonic fluid volume deficit

Question 26

inadequate elimination and excessive intake.

Answer 26

isotonic fluid volume excess

Question 27

weight gain, edema, distended neck veins, bounding pulse, respiratory symptoms, decrease in BUN and hematocrit

Answer 27

isotonic fluid volume excess manifestations

Question 28

stop increasing the volume, start decreasing the volume, treat the cause

Answer 28

isotonic fluid volume excess treatment

Question 29

too little ECF sodium, too much ECF water

Answer 29

hyponatremia

Question 30

variable symptoms, brain swelling, neuromuscular effects, low serum osmolality

Answer 30

hyponatremia manifestations

Question 31

determine and treat the cause, decrease the fluid excess, maybe replace some sodium, monitor carefully

Answer 31

hyponatremia treatment

Question 32

too much ECF sodium, too little ECF water

Answer 32

hypernatremia

Question 33

shrunken cells, volume depletion, thirst

Answer 33

hypernatremia manifestations

Question 34

decrease the salt, increase the fluid, correct slowly.

Answer 34

hypernatremia treatment

Question 35

too little potassium intake, too much potassium output

Answer 35

hypokalemia

Question 36

major intracellular cation

Answer 36

potassium

Question 37

thirst, anorexia, N/V, constipation, fatigue, weakness, muscle cramping, postural hypotension, and cardiac arrhythmias

Answer 37

hypokalemia manifestations

Question 38

prevention, replacement, correct slowly

Answer 38

hypokalemia treatment

Question 39

too rapid administration, too little output

Answer 39

hyperkalemia

Question 40

N/V, cramping, diarrhea, abnormal sensation or paresthesia, dizziness, muscle cramps, decreased HR, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest

Answer 40

hyperkalemia manifestations

Question 41

restrict intake and promote excretion

Answer 41

hyperkalemia treatment