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CMBM Exam 4 Gopi > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

0
Q

Nonspecific line of defense -Mast and dendritic cells

A

Triple response of Lewis -> mast cells release histamine

red, wheal, flare, urticaria

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1
Q

Natural epithelial barriers

A

keratinization
acidic surfaces
mucinous surfaces - binds bacteria
if breached then leads to inflammation

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2
Q

Specific Humoral and cellular immunity

A

Eczema

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3
Q

hyperemia

A

engorgment

excess blood flow

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4
Q

Diapedesis

A

passage of blood cells through intact walls of capillaries

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5
Q

emigration

A

diapedesis of leukocytes through small blood vessels walls

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6
Q

margination

A

adhesion of white blood cells to the walls of damaged blood vessels

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7
Q

pavementing

A

neutrophils line up along the endothelial surface of the blood vessel

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8
Q

transudation

A

escape of fluid by hydrostatic or osmotic pressure
Plasma ultrafiltrate
low protein content
from normal vascular permeability

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9
Q

exudation

A

fluid exiting through pore or wound
from increased vascular permeability
High protein and cell debris

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10
Q

cachecia

A

dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy

wasting syndrome

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11
Q

purpura

A

purple or red discolorations on the skin that not do not blanch

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12
Q

extravasation

A

movement of white blood cells from capillaries to tissues

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13
Q

effusion

A

excess fluid in an area?

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14
Q

serosanguinous

A

composed of serum and blood

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15
Q

purulent

A

containing or discharging pus

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16
Q

supprative

A

formation or discharge of pus

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17
Q

Purposes of inflammation

A

To contain, neutralize and remove

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18
Q

urticaria

A

hives

in dermis

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19
Q

Eczema

A

surface rough

epithelia and dermal reaction

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20
Q

pt wears tight fitting shoes. Redness at base of nails. Pus developed then red streaks, skin sloughed off and ulcerated. Gangrene ensued and amputated leg. Stump got infected, developed septicemia and died. Bacteria responsible?

A

Strept - aerobic bacteria and releases alot of enzymes

red streaks meant bacteria in lymphatics

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21
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Calor - Heat - vasodilation 
Rubor - Redness - vasodilation 
Tumor - Edema - vascular permeability 
Dolor - Pain - mediator/release PMNs 
Functio - loss of function
22
Q

Major components of Acute inflammation

A

vascular changes
cellular events
chemical mediators of inflammation

23
Q

Paranechia

A

inflammation around nails

24
Q

what vascular changes happens during acute inflammation

A

transient vasoconstriction - lasts seconds
vasodilation of precapillary arterioles - increased blood flow
“triple response of lewis” - Red line, flare and wheal
blood stasis
increased permeability of venules - mintues to days

25
Q

Urticaria

A

redness and swelling seen when scratch skin

26
Q

After vascular changes

A

there is movement of fluid and cells

Edema and Exudation

27
Q

Vascular permeability

A

As protein exits vessels - intravascualar osmotic pressure drops and intravascular hydrostatic pressure increases
Endothelial gaps occur at intracellular junctions

28
Q

Endothelial gaps are a _______ response induced by

A

immediate transient response

histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, substance P

29
Q

what occurs to handle trauma?

A

Endothelial retraction
direct endothelial injury - immediate sustained response
leukocyte mediated endothelial injury

30
Q

Vasculitis

A

delayed prolonged leakage - 2-12 hours: lasts hours to days

thermal, xray, UV - “sunburn” , bacterial toxin

31
Q

During repair, these two events occur

A

Transcytosis - death of neutrophil and leukocytes?

Angiogenesis

32
Q

Pt has pain from acute appendicitis. what is causing the pain?

A

Prostaglandins and bradykinins

33
Q

Pt pain from acute appendicitis. What mediates the phagocytosis?

A

Complement C3b and IgG

34
Q

There is erythemia of the appendix, what are the two chemical mediators?

A

Histamine and serotonin

these are vasodilators

35
Q

Pt was acute appendicitis has a fever. What are the two chemical mediators?

A

IL-1 and TNF

36
Q

What chemicals cause leukocyte infiltration?

A

Leukotrienes and HPETE

37
Q

Pt has surgery. There is a small nodule under the skin at the incision site. What cell type is characteristic of this response?

A

Giant cells (multinucleated) this is from chronic inflammation
this is a foreign body granuloma
there is infiltration of a lot of Macrophages and these Macrophages fuse to create Giant multinucleated cells

38
Q

What induces Macrophages to release ROS?

A

Lipoxins

39
Q

What chemical would help clear organisms from lung parenchyma?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

40
Q

Pt fractured femoral trochanter, 76 yo, lower leg is now swollen and painful with movement and tenderness to palpation. Strong pulse in arteries. What complication is most likely to occur after these events?

A

Pulmonary Thromboembolism - from stagnation of blood

Not disseminated intravascular coagulation - would need to see fever and chills

41
Q

See lung cavitation in pt with chronic cough with fever and weight loss. What caused development of lung lesion?

A

Macrophage

42
Q

Noncaseating granulomas lack central necrosis. Caused by

A 
Reaction to foreign material 
Sarcoidosis 
Beryllium exposure 
Crohn disease 
Cat scratch disease
43
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously

44
Q

When does chronic inflammation occur?

A

Persistent infections - AFB, fungi, Treponemes
-low toxicity, delayed hypersensitivity, Granulomatous inflammation
Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents
-silica and toxic plasma lipids -> atherosclerosis
Autoimmunity - RA, Lupus

45
Q

What is chronic inflammation characterized by?

A

Infiltration with mononuclear cells - Macs, lymphocytes and plasma cells
tissue destruction
repair involving angiogenesis and fibrosis
Macrophage is the prima donna of chronic inflammation

46
Q

When do see caseating granulomas?

A

TB and fungal infections

use Acid fast stain or Silver stain

47
Q

Key macrophage events

A

recruitment from circulation
local proliferation
immobilization
differentiation - microglia, kupffer, alveolar macrophage, osteoclasts

48
Q

Pt has trouble breathing. Afebrile, diminished breath sounds and dullness to percussion bilaterally. 2+ pitting edema present on thighs and has bilateral pleural effusion. what may you see test wise?

A

Hypoalbuminemia

Low protein in blood allows fluid to escape into the tissue

49
Q

Pt fevver and dry cough for 3 days and difficult breathing. Diffuse rales are auscultated over lower lung fields. Pleural effusion. Fluid removed is cloudy with cell count 15,500 leukocytes/ul, 98% are neutrophils. What describes the pleural process?

A

Purulent inflammation

50
Q

empyema

A

pus in pleural space

51
Q

Pt taking aspirin for arthritis for past 4 years. Continuing joint destruction with loss of articular cartilage and joint space narrowing. Pain reduction is most likely to be the result of diminishing what chemical mediator?

A

Prostaglandin

52
Q

Expression of what on endothelial cells is most intstrumental in promoting inflammatory reaction and aiding neutrophils to migrate into injured tissue?

A

E-selectin

CMBM Exam 4 Gopi (10 decks)

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