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CMBM Exam 4 Gopi > Acute and Chronic inflammation > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic inflammation Flashcards

0
Q

mediator of acute inflammation

A 
TLRs 
Arachidonic acid metabolites 
Mast cells 
complement 
Hageman Factor (factor XII)
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1
Q

acute inflammation is characterized by

A

presence of edema and neutrophils
arises in response to infection or tissue necrosis
immediate response with limited specificity (innate immunity)

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2
Q

Role of TLRs in acute inflammation

A

on cells of innate immune system - Macs and DCs
activated by PAMPs
TLR activation leads to upregulation of NFkB that activates immune response genes and leads to production of immune mediators
TLR also on cells of adaptive immunity - lymphocytes

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3
Q

CD14

A

TLR on macrophages

recognizes LPS on gram neg bacteria

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4
Q

Role of Arachidonic acid in Acute inflammation

A

converted to prostanglandins and Leukotrienes
prostaglandins - mediate vasodilation and increase vascular permeability
LTB attracts and activates neutrophils
LTC, LTD and LTE - slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis - mediates vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability

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5
Q

Role of Mast cells in Acute inflammation

A

in connective tissue
activated by trauma, complement, cross linking by IgE
immediate response - releases histamine which mediates vasodilation of arterioles and increases vascular permeability
delayed response involves production of arachidonic acid metabolites particularly leukotrienes

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6
Q

Role of complement in acute inflammation

A 
all pathways result in C3 convertase 
C3a and C5a - anaphylatoxins - trigger mast cells 
C5a - chemotactic for neutrophils 
C3b - opsonin for phagocytosis 
MAC - lysis microbes
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7
Q

role of Hageman factor in acute inflammation

A 
produced by liver 
activated by exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen which activates 
coagulation and fibrnolytic systems 
complement 
Kinin system
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8
Q

Kinin system

A

cleaves high molecular weight kininogen to bradykinin, which mediates vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (similar to histamine) as well as pain

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9
Q

Rubor and Calor

A

due to vasodilation leads to increased blood flow

occurs via relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle, key mediators are histamine, prostaglandins and bradykinin

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10
Q

Tumor

A

due to leakage of fluid from postcapillary venules intto interstitial space - called exudate
key mediators - histamine, causes endothelial cell contraction and tissue damage resulting in endothelial cell disruption

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11
Q

Dolor

A

Bradykinin and PGE sensitizes sensory nerve endings

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12
Q

Fever

A

pyrogens - LPS from bacteria- cause macs to release IL-1 and TNF which increase cyclooxygenase activity in perivascular cells of the hypothalmus
Increased PGE raises temperature set point

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13
Q

when do Macrophages predominate?

A

after neutrophils and peak around 2-3 days after inflammation begins
from monocytes in the blood
Manage resolution and healing (IL10 and TGfb), continued acute inflammation (seen as pus formation, IL-8 from macs attract more neutrophils), abcess (acute inflammation surrounded by fibrosis) and chronic inflammation (macs present antigen to CD4 T cells)

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14
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

characterized by presence of lymphocytes and plasma cells
delayed response but more specific (adaptive immunity)
stimuli include - persistent infection, infection with viruses, mycobacteria, parasites and fungi, autoimmune dis, foreign material and some cancers

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15
Q

Role of T cells in chronic inflammation

A

use TCR complex (TCR and CD3) for antigen surveillance
activated CD4 cells secrete cytokines that help inflammation
Th1 - secrete IL-2 and IFN-y
Th2 - secretes IL-4 (facilitates class switching), IL-5 (eosinophil attraction) and IL-10 (inhibits Th1)
CD8 activation - kills via perforin, granzymes and FasL

16
Q

Role of B lymphocytes in chronic inflammation

A 
Activated secrete Igs 
undergo class switching
17
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

subtype of chronic inflammation
characterized by granuloma, which is collection of eptihelioid histiocytes (macs with lots of pink cytoplasm) usually surrounded by giant cells and rim of lymphocytes

18
Q

Noncaseating granulomas

A

lack central necrosis

includes reaction to foreign material, sarcoidosis, beryllium exposure, crohn disease and cat scratch disease

19
Q

caseating granumlomas

A

exhibit central necrosis and characteristic of tuberculosis and fungal infections

20
Q

steps of granuloma formation

A

Macs process and present antigen via MHC II to CD4 T cells
interaction leads Macs to secrete IL-12 inducing Th1 T cells
Th1 secretes IFN-y which converts macs to epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells

CMBM Exam 4 Gopi (10 decks)

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