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CMBM Exam 4 Gopi > Blood parasites > Flashcards

Blood parasites Flashcards

(50 cards)

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0
Q

what Plasmodium form is found in RBCs?

A

Trophozoites

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1
Q

Malaria is caused by?

A 
Intracellular in hepatocytes and RBCs 
P vivax
P ovale 
P malariae 
P flaciparum
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2
Q

What plasmodium form is found freely in the blood?

A

Meroziotes

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3
Q

what plasmodium infects a person?

A

Sporozoites

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4
Q

where does Plasmodium go first in the body?

A

Hepatocytes

Lvier schizonts

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5
Q

What plasmodium form is picked up by mosquitos?

A

Gametocytes

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6
Q

Clinical signs of Malaria?

A

incubates about 1-2 weeks
Prodrome Flu like illness, headache, anorexia, photophobia, malaise
Classic signs: cyclic episodes of high fever, chills, rigors - from host reaction to rupture of RBCs leads to secretion of TNF and IL-1

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7
Q

what additional symptoms can occur with P. Falciparum?

A

CNS involvement or renal

merozoites are released daily so there is no cycle to chills, fever and rigor

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8
Q

What is the parasite antigen of Plasmodium that is released from lysed RBCs?

A

GPI

called glycophosphatidlylinositol

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9
Q

Most prevelent plasmodium?

A

P. Vivax

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10
Q

Hypnozoites

A

dormant form in liver of P. vivax and P ovale

can cause relapse weeks to years later

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11
Q

what is used to treat Hypnozoites?

A

Primaquine

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12
Q

P. Falciparum

A

many strains are resistant to chloroquine

replicates in erythrocytes more replication and lyse in this species

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13
Q

Falciparum infected RBCs

A

express pfEMP-1 this binds to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells leading to RBC blockage of small vessels
this blocks blood supply to organs leading to organ damage - severe damage in kidneys, CNS and placenta
lysis leads to accumulation of toxic hemoglobin breakdown products

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14
Q

What are severe manifestations of P. Falciparum?

A

cerebral malaria
Blackwater fever - renal damage, lysed blood cells in urine
maternal and fetal death in pregnancy

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15
Q

what does the P falciparium gametocyte look like on a blood smear?

A

a banana!

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16
Q

Treatment of malaria?

A

for Chloroquine resistant P falciparum - Mefloquine, Quinine + doxycycline or clindamycin or Atovaquone+proguanil (Malarone)
for Chloroquine sensitive P falciparum and P malariae - Chloroquine
for P vivax and P ovale - Chloroquine plus primaquine

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17
Q

Malaria chemoprophylaxis

A

everything you typically use to treat except for areas where there is chloroquine resistance P falciparum, you dont need to include Clindamycin

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18
Q

Babesia Microti

A 
protozoan-sporozoan 
found in US - coastal NE region 
Vector: ticks - Lxodes dammini 
Reservoir: Mice, adults feed on deer 
replicates in RBCs 
Humans are incidental hosts
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19
Q

Pathogenesis of Babesiosis

A

replicates in erythrocytes
RBC lysis releases merozoites
1-4 week incubation period
fever, chills, headache, fatigue, weakness
leads to Hemolytic anemia and rarely renal failure
recovery in 2-4 weeks

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20
Q

Treatment of Babesiosis?

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A

Clindamycin plus quinine
or
Atovaquone plus azithromycin

21
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

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A 
flagellated protozoan 
causes Chagas' disease 
vector: Triatomid bugs 
Reservoir: armadillos, rodents, dogs 
Endemic in central and south america
22
Q

Clinical signs of Chagas’ disease: Acute phase

Study These Flashcards
A

asymptomatic or present with fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, mild hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis
Chagoma
Romanas sign
resolve in weeks to months into an asymptomatic chronic form of the disease

23
Q

Chagoma

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A

nodular lesion at the site of inoculation

caused by Trypanosoma Cruzi

24
Romana's sign
chagoma near eye | unilateral periocular swelling
25
Clinical signs of Chagas' disease: Chronic
replicates in various cell types - especially cardiac myocytes and tissues macrophages develop after years-decades can lead to megaesophagus or megacolon as result of nerve damage Cardiomyopathy - parasite growth in and damage to cardiac myocytes Complications can be fatal
26
Cardiomyopathy in Chagas' disease
heart develops conduction disturbances, becomes enlarged leading to heart failure antigenic mimic also plays role in chronic cardiac disease - parasite antigen mimics heart muscle antigen, immune reacts to parasite and then eventually to heart muscle see mononuclear infiltration into the heart
27
Treament of Chaga's disease
drugs available from the CDC | tissue damage from chronic infection is not reversible
28
African sleeping sickness caused by
Trypanosoma Brucei
29
Trypanosoma Brucei
vector: Tsetse fly Reservoir: wild antelope causes african sleeping sickness
30
Pathogenesis of Sleeping sickness
replicates in blood and lymphatics fever, lymphadenopathy, pruritus enters CNS weeks to months after bite altered mental state and sensory disorders difficulty walking and talking Somnolence (deep deep sleep) coma and death
31
Treat Sleeping sickness with?
Suramin for blood and lymphatic stages | Malarsoprol for CNS disease
32
Schistosoma
blood flukes | Trematodes
33
Schistosomiasis
chronic infection and organ damage Intermediate host - fresh water snails - sporocyst develops followed by cercaria, this form is released from the snail and burrows through the skin of human host -this leads to adults (in blood vessels)- lay eggs and eggs hatched into Miracidium after being released. this form infects snails
34
Schistosoma Haematobium
adults in vessels of bladder eggs migrate through bladder wall released in urine
35
Schistosoma Mansoni and S. Japonicum
adults in venous plexis of intestine eggs migrate through intestine and liver released in stool
36
Clinical signs of Schistosomiasis
allergic dermatitis with cercarial penetration through skin Katayama fever: acute (4-6 wks after infection) fever, cough, abdominal pain, urticarial (hives) rash, hepatosplenomegaly due to immune reaction to egg production chronic illness: due to inflammatory response to eggs - Granulomatous lesions interfere with organ function - see liver damage, urinary obstruction, pyelonephritis, bladder cancer
37
Schistosomiasis - eggs
eggs are very antigenic | body forms granulomas (type IV) causes organ damage
38
Katayama fever
Schistosomiasis fever, cough, abdominal pain, urticarial rash, hepatosplenomegaly due to immune reaction to eggs
39
Chronic Schistosomiasis
leads to Granulomatous lesions that interfere with organ function liver damage - mansoni, japonicum Urinary obstruction, pyelonophritis, bladder cancer - haematobium
40
ID S. Heamoatobium by
looking in urine and finding lemon shaped eggs (pointy at both ends)
41
Treat Schistomiasis with?
Praziquantel
42
Filariasis diseases caused by
Wuchereria bancrifti Brugia malayi Onchocera volvulus Loa loa
43
Lymphatic filariasis
Elephantiasis caused by Wuckereria bancrifti and Brugia malayi parasite blocks lymph drainage
44
River blindness
Onchocercosis caused by Onchocera volvulus vector: black flies - like to lay eggs in rivers
45
Clinical signs of Onchocerosis
due to inflammatory response to microfilariae Skin - nodules, de-pigmentation, thickening, intense itching blindness due to inflammation as microfilariae migrate through eye
46
Treat Onchocerosis?
surgical removal of nodules containing adult worms | Ivermectin
47
Prophylaxis of Onchocerosis?
Ivermectin and diethylacarbanizine
48
Loiasis
caused by Loa Loa | transmitted by Chrysops (deer fly also called mango fly)
49
Loiasis
adult worms live in connective tissue under the skin and between fascial layers overlying somatic muscles adults migrate frequently, pass briefly across the surface of eye, leading to eye congestion, itching, pain and light sensitivity no permanent damage to eye

CMBM Exam 4 Gopi (10 decks)

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