Inflammation Flashcards
what are 7 causes of inflammation?
- bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
- hypersensitivity reactions
- trauma or chemical injuries
- excessive heat or cold
- necrosis can cause inflammation but inflammation can also cause necrosis
- internal and external toxins
- immune-mediated
give 3 big effects of inflammation
- high WBC
- fever
- inflammatory lesions
what are 4 plasma-derived mediators of inflammation?
- bradykinin (from the kinin cascade, related to the coagulation cascade); causes vasodilation and pain
- complement
- coagulation
- fibrinolysis
list and describe 4 cell-derived plasma mediators
- histamine: produced by mast cells; a primary mediator of inflammation
- cytokines and chemokines: produced by a bunch of different cells
- lipid mediators: from cell membranes
- lysosomal contents: from lysozomes
what are the 5 aspects of naming a lesion?
- how bad is it: mild, moderate, severe
- how long: peracute, acute, chronic
- how is the lesion distributed: focal, multifocal, diffuse
- what kind of exudate: serous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, granulomatous
- where is the lesion: name of the organ/tissue
describe fibrin versus fibrous and how inflammation forms a continuum with healing
fibrin is a sign of acute inflammation; as fibrinogen leaks out onto organs
fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE is associated with scarring! from the body healing from chronic inflammation; is NOT a type of inflammation
describe peracute, actue, subacute, and chronic
peracute: minutes or hours
acute: a few hours to a few days
subacute: days to weeks
chronic: weeks to months
describe focal, multifocal, locally extensive, and diffuse lesion distribution
focal: just one small part of the organ is affected
multifocal: several small parts affected (can count each lesion)
diffuse: the whole organ is affected
focally/locally extensive: diffuse but in just one part of the organ
what are the 2 categories and the 6 types of inflammation?
- noncellular: serous, catarrhal, fibrinous
- cellular: purulent, hemorrhagic, granulomatous
describe serous exudate (2)
- the outpouring of a translucent, thin fluid that may accumulate on a mucosal surface that may accumulate of a mucosal surface, skin, or in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
- common manifestation of acute inflammatory reactions; usually indicates that an insult is mild
describe catarrhal exudate (2)
- represents mucous production!
- commonly found in organs where goblet cells are a major part of the epithelium: GI, respiratory tract, reproductive tract, eyes
describe fibrinous exudate (2)
- occurs in more severe conditions that allow the escape of larger fibrinogen molecules from the vascular system and is converted to fibrin when it reaches the tissue
- commonly occurs on mucosal and serosal membranes such as the entire respiratory tract and GI tract, pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium
describe purulent exudate (3)
- PUS! an accumulation of dead neutrophils
- almost always due to bacteria
- if pus surrounded by a fibrous wall or capsule = abscess
describe hemorrhagic exudate (2)
- large numbers of RBCs when holes in vessels are large enough that everything comes out so the exudate looks a lot like blood (mixed with serum, fibrin, and leukocytes = hard to differentiate from simple hemorrhage)
- usually caused by highly virulent microorganisms, acute poisoning, or anything that causes massive damage to vessel endothelium
describe granulomatous exudate (2)
- majority of cells are macrophages and/or multi-nucleated giant cells
- don’t ooze like other exudates
