Hyperemia, Congestion, and Hemorrhage

Question 1

describe hyperemia

Answer 1

body wants to get more blood somewhere so it dilates the arteries; is an ACTIVE process; excessive blood in a part when blood is confined within the vasculature; increased redness in a part; ALWAYS LOCALIZED

Question 2

describe congestion

Answer 2

a backup problem; a PASSIVE process; an excess of blood contained within blood vessels in a part of the body due to a passive process; will grossly look dark blue-red tinge, swollen, cooler than normal

Question 3

what are the 3 types of congestion? describe

Answer 3

1. peripheral: obstructive, due to thrombus or embolus; constrictive, where the vein collapses because of a whole lot of pressure on the outside
2. central: due to heart failure
3. hypostatic: when animals lie in a recumbent position for long periods of time and blood tends to gravitate to the dependent portions

Question 4

what are the 4 effects of congestion?

Answer 4

1. hypoxia and accumulation of catabolites in the tissues, leading to edema and interference with normal function of involved tissue
2. necrosis if severe enough
3. thrombosis, occurs readily in veins where blood moving sluggishly
4. if chronic, can see proliferation of connective tissue

Question 5

describe hemorrhage

Answer 5

blood coming OUT OF the vessels

Question 6

describe edema

Answer 6

fluid stays in the interstitum

Question 7

describe shock

Answer 7

failure of the blood vascular system to perfuse the body; all vessels open at the same time and there is not enough blood to perfuse everything

Question 8

describe peripheral versus central congestion

Answer 8

central: the central pump (heart) fails either due to weakness, leaky valves, stenotic valves, or some other pathologyw

Question 9

what happens when the central pump fails?

Answer 9

the downstream organ can become congested

Question 10

what organ is affected in left-sided heart failure and what will you see as a result?

Answer 10

the lungs; the left side of the heart cannot pump blood to the body so blood backs up in the lungs, leading to pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema

Question 11

what organ is affected in right-sided heart failure and what will you see as a result?

Answer 11

the liver; the right side of the heart cannot pump blood into the lungs so blood backs up in the systemic side of circulation, leading to ascites! would not see hepatic edema because the liver is such a solid organ that usually extra fluid leaks out into the abdomen instead of building up in the liver

Question 12

what are the 2 main types of hemorrhage?

Answer 12

1. hemorrhage per diapedesis: due to loss of FUNCTIONAL integrity of the endothelium; includes petechiae and ecchymoses and purpura
2. hemorrhage per rhexis: due to loss of STRUCTURAL integrity of endothelium; includes hemothorax, hematoma, all the hemos (massive or submassive hemorrhage), and hematomas

Question 13

what are the 3 effects of hemorrhage?

Answer 13

1. if rapid blood loss occurs: 1/4 to 1/3 of total blood volume over a period of less than a few hours will result in hemorrhagic/hypovolemic shock and potentially death
2. if slower blood loss occurs: as much as 1/2 total blood volume over weeks or months, no serious consequences may occur if the body compensates
3. according to site of hemorrhage: severity of consequences generally proportional to amount of blood loss EXCEPT in intracranial or pericardial hemorrhage

Question 14

what is the fate of hemorrhage? (2)

Answer 14

1. arrest of hemorrhage: more to come with hemostasis
2. disposal of escaped blood