Inflammation Flashcards
What is inflammation?
Tissue response to injury or trauma
List three triggers of inflammation.
Infection, heat, and wounds
True or false: inflammation is part of innate/non-specific immunity.
True
List five causes of tissue injury.
Replicating agents
Infectious agents
Physical damage/trauma
Inert materials (foreign bodies)
Autoimmune reactions
Give three functions of tissue inflammation.
Destroys and removes pathogens
If destruction is not possible, limits damage
To repair and replace tissue that was damaged
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Pain (dolor)
Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)
Loss of function (functio laesa)
Describe the three stages of inflammation.
Increase in vascular diameter (vasodilation)
Increased blood flow to the affected area, resulting in capillary engorgement, tissue redness, and heat
Increased capillary permeability
Large molecules and cells that do not normally move out of the capillaries do so, and can reach the site of inflammation, resulting in swelling
Influx of phagocytic cells
Monocytes and neutrophils move out of the capillaries, and into the site of inflammation (extravasion). Chemotaxis is the attraction to infection site, experienced by phagocytes, and there is movement of cells towards a chemical stimulus. Phagocytes destroy the pathogen, release soluble mediators, and recruit other immune cells. May cause some collateral tissue damage
What are chemokines?
Subgroup of cytokines released by immune cells, which attract cells from one site to another
Describe mast cells.
Mast cells secrete potent mediators (histamine, etc.), that increase vascular permeability, induce smooth muscle contraction, increase mucous secretion, and cause pain by irritating nerve endings
Basophils secrete ___________.
Histamine
___________ function as APC, contain potent hydrolytic enzymes, engage in phagocytosis and wound healing, and remove certain cells.
Macrophages
State the two principal features of endothelial cells.
Become activated when exposed to cytokines IL1 and TNF
Display increased adhesiveness for monocytes and neutrophils
____________ respond to chemotactic factors C5a, C3a, IL8, and IFNy.
Neutrophils
True or false: neutrophils are incapable of phagocytosis.
False
List five mediators of inflammation.
Histamine
Serotonin
Bradykinin, for vasodilation, increased permeability, and chemotactic; from the kinin system
Lipid-derived mediators include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclin. Induce vasodilation, histamine release, permeability, etc.
Cytokines are involved in anti-inflammatory response, acute phase response, etc.
