Cells of the Immune Response Flashcards
Natural killer cells and T-cytotoxic cells are __________.
Lymphocytes
T-___________ cells are central to all types of immunity.
Helper
Follicular _________ cells are antigen presentation cells.
Dendritic
__________ are antigen presenters, but also capable of phagocytosis.
Macrophages
_______ cells prevent autoimmunity, and produce cytokines.
Treg
B-cells produce _________.
Antibodies
Plasma cells are mature __-cells.
B
Mast cells and basophils contain _________, and are prevalent in allergic reactions.
Histamine
__________ are also capable of phagocytosis, and are important in parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
___________ engage in phagocytosis, for destruction of bacteria.
Neutrophils
If a cell is described as being ‘______________’, this means that with the right stimulation, it can become any type of WBC or RBC.
Pluripotent
The embryonic yolk sac experiences ______________ during the first few weeks of life.
Haematopoiesis
Myeloid stem cells are every cell type except _____________.
Lymphocytes
T- and B-cells are ___________.
Adaptive
Natural killer cells are __________.
Innate
_____________ circulate around the body via the circulatory system and the lymphatics.
Leucocytes
Lymphocytes account for ___%-___% of WBC population in the peripheral blood.
20, 40
True or false: T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells are small, motile, non-phagocytic cells.
True
T- and B-cells that are not activated by antigen are known as ___________ cells.
Resting
T- and B-cells are the only immune cells with surface receptors that are specific for _________.
Antigens
Upon activation, T- and B-cells undergo _________ __________, and differentiate into effector or memory cells.
Clonal expansion
T-cells originate in the bone marrow, but mature in the _________.
Thymus
T-helper cells secrete _________, which activate B-cells, other T-cells, macrophages, and other cells that are participants in an immune response.
Cytokines
T-cytotoxic cells do not secrete many cytokines, and instead exhibit _____ _______ activity; in particular, they display this behaviour towards tumour and graft cells.
Cell killing
T-cells possess a receptor on their surface called a T-cell receptor (TCR), that binds the T-cell to an _________.
Antigen
List three cell types where T-cells may become activated, when they bind to an antigen on the cell’s surface.
Virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and antigen-presenting cells
Regulatory T-cells suppress the function of other cells, and are important for __________ and self-tolerance.
Regulation
Antigen recognition results in T-cell proliferation and differentiation into _________ T-cells and various effector T-cells.
Memory
T-cells recognise antigen only in the context of ________ _________ ________ molecules.
Major histocompatibility complex
_______ ________ T-cells suppress or activate innate and adaptive immune responses, and are important in preventing the development of autoimmunity.
Natural killer
The term ‘B-cells’ is derived from _______ __ __________.
Bursa of Fabricus
B-cells mature in the _______ __________.
Bone marrow
____________ molecules found on the surface of B cells act as antigen-binding sites.
Antibody
Plasma cells secrete antibodies, and can secrete _______ antibody molecules per second, with major effector molecules of humoral immunity.
2,000
A mature B-cell is termed a ________ cell.
Plasma
Natural killer cells comprise 5-15% of blood ____________ cells.
Mononuclear
Identified in blood by the expression of ________, and by the presence of cytoplasmic granules.
CD56
True or false: natural killer cells have immunologic specificity and memory.
False
Natural killer cells display ___________ killing activity against a wide range of tumour cells, and cells infected with viruses.
Cytotoxic
A monocyte/macrophage originates in the __________ __________, becoming a promonocyte, then evolving into a monocyte (a process taking approximately eight hours), before becoming a mature macrophage.
Myeloid progenitor
Monocytes/macrophages have horseshoe-shaped nuclei, containing __________ granules.
Azurophilic
Macrophages possess __________ enzymes.
Ruffled
Macrophages contain well-developed ______ complexes, and many intracytoplasmic lysosomes, containing peroxidase and several acid hydrolases.
Golgi
What is a free macrophage?
One that circulates by amoeboid movement through tissues
What is a fixed macrophage?
One that has taken up residence in a particular tissue
Where are Kupffer cells found?
Liver
Microglia macrophages are located in the _______.
Brain
Name three toxic mediators found in macrophages.
Hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase, and lysozyme
True or false: macrophages are highly phagocytic.
True
Secretion of cytokines, such as interleukin, α interferon, tumour _________ markers, and interleukin 6, during inflammation, is a feature of macrophages.
Necrosis
_______________ cells are derived from either the lymphoid or mononuclear phagocyte lineages.
Dendritic
Langerhans dendritic cells of the epidermis are ___________-derived.
Monocyte
_____________ dendritic cells are found in the lymphoid organs.
Interstitial
Interdigitating dendritic cells are found in specific areas of the spleen, _______, and lymph nodes.
Thymus
Veiled dendritic cells are found in __________.
Lymph
The most important function of dendritic cells is to present antigens to __-cells.
T
____________ granulocytes are classified on the basis of how their granules stain with acidic and basic dyes.
Polymorphonuclear
__________________ last between seven to ten hours in the blood, and between three and four days in the tissues.
Neutrophils
___________ is the movement of neutrophils from the bloodstream into a site of infection.
Extravasation
____________ granules (containing toxic agents) stain strongly with eosin.
Eosinophil
Eosinophils are found mainly in ________ tissues, such as the linings of GI and respiratory tracts.
Peripheral
Basophils are the peripheral blood form of _______cells.
Mast
Basophilic cytoplasm is rich in granules, which stain with _______ dyes.
Basic
Mast cells are not found in blood, but rather in ________.
Tissues
Mucosal mast cells (MMC) depends on T-cells for _____________.
Proliferation
Name one form of mast cell, other than the mucosal mast cell.
Connective tissue mast cells
