Cytokines Flashcards
Define the term ‘cytokines’.
A group of selected low molecular weight proteins that regulate and intensify the duration of an immune response, by stimulating or inhibiting the proliferation of various immune cells or their secretion of antibodies or other cytokines
As many cytokines are made by leucocytes and act on leucocytes, they are also called ‘____________’.
Interleukins
IL-1 through to IL-___ have been described .
29
True or false: no further expansion of cytokine types is expected.
False
Cytokines are secreted by a variety of cells that are involved in response to microbes and other __________.
Antigens
Cytokines act on target cells that bear ________ ____________ ___________ for particular cytokines.
Specific membrane receptors
Cytokine actions may be _______ or systemic.
Local
___________ actions are performed on the same cell.
Autocrine
Paracrine actions are performed on ___________ cells.
Nearby
Systemic actions are ____________, whereby the cytokine enters the circulation.
Endocrine
___________ actions involve one cytokine acting on different cell types.
Pleiotropic
Redundant actions involve multiple cytokines having the same ____________ effects.
Functional
Cytokines often induce a ___________ of cytokine production, i.e., one cytokine acting on a target cell can induce it to produce one or more different cytokines, which in turn may induce other target cells to produce other cytokines.
Cascade
Cytokines can induce __________ and antagonism.
Synergy
__________, involving IL-4 and IL-5, induces antibody class switches to IgE.
Synergy
Antagonism blocks class switches to IgE, induced by _______.
IL-4
True or false: cytokine effect is dominated by which of the two cytokines has greater concentration.
True
True or false: the combined effect of two cytokines is weaker than the additive effect.
False
The effect of one cytokine can ___________ the effect of another.
Inhibit
List the four main categories of cytokine.
Haematopoietin
Interferon
Chemokine
Tumour necrosis
________ _________ _________ is involved in systemic inflammation (linked to acute phase response).
Tumour necrosis factor
Transformation growth factor induces ________ _________.
Cell transformation
List two functions of cytokines.
Mediate innate immune reactions
Mediate adaptive immunity responses
Microbial products, viral products, etc., stimulate ________________ to produce cytokines.
Macrophages
Cytokines are secreted by ___-________ in response to antigens.
T-cells
True or false: cytokines regulate T-cell growth and differentiation, and to regulate effector function of T-cells, or other cells.
True
