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Pathophysiology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are our body’s lines of defense for inflammation?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, inflammation, specific immune response

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2
Q

What is inflammatory response?

A

Usually beneficial response to invasion of microorganisms or to tissue injury, Inflammation response removes stimulus and returns to non injured state

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3
Q

What is the Tissues reaction to Injury?

A
  1. vascular phase
  2. Cellular phase
    - responses working together to destroy substances recognized as foreign body
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4
Q

What are the 8 steps in the Vascular System?

A
  1. complement
  2. Kinins(brady kinin)
  3. Histamine
  4. Seratonin and Leukotrienes
  5. Prostaglandins
  6. Hemostatic fibrinolystic systems
  7. Vascular changes from mediators
  8. Role of inflamatory substances
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5
Q

What is Complement process?

A

Major mediators released to tissue that is injured
- proteins, sequential activation (compliment cascade
- enhances chemotaxis, increases vascular permeability, and causes cell lysis

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6
Q

What is Kinins? Bradykinins

A
  • Contribute to pain and fever
  • vasodilation (more oxygen and nutrients)
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7
Q

what do Histamines do??

A

Vasodilation all over not just the site of injury
- major mediator of capillary permeability
- Role of mast cell/basophils cell = cells that release histamines
- degranulation of mass

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8
Q

What do serotonin and Leukotrienes do?

A

Similar to histamines, but slower but cause vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

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9
Q

What do Prostaglandins do?

A

= pain response
- Increase effect of histamine
- Promotes platelet aggregation (helping form clot)

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10
Q

What do hemostatic-fibrinolytic system do?

A

Activation
- clotting cascade, fibrin clot formation
- clot breaksdown to restore patency of vessel once clot is no longer needed

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11
Q

What are some vascular changes resulting from mediators?

A
  • Brief vasoconstriction to minimize bleeding
  • vasodialation leads to more blood flow and nutrients
  • increased capilary permiability (move fluid into tissue)
  • leakage of fluid
  • EDEMA
  • stimulation of pain receptors
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12
Q

What is the role of other inflammatory substances?

A

Cytokines (regulators) these effects other cells
- Interleukins = stimulates liver to produce plasma proteins
- Interferon = anti-viral effect @ receptor site = protects against invasion (does not destroy virus)
- Tissue Necrosis Factor (TNF) = increases phagocytosis of neutrophils, increasing fever.

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13
Q

TNF?

A

Tissue Necrosis Factor (TNF) = increases phagocytosis of neutrophils, increasing fever.

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14
Q

Interleukins

A

Interleukins = stimulates liver to produce plasma proteins

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15
Q

Interferon

A

Interferon = anti-viral effect @ receptor site = protects against invasion (does not destroy virus)

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16
Q

What are the 5 steps of the Cellular phase?

A
  1. margination
  2. Emigration
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Formation of exudate
  5. Fibrin barrier formation
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17
Q

What is margination?

A

Pavementing = movement of phagocytes to outside of BV
- movement of phagocytes to periphery
- granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (early cells to respond
- Monocytes to macrophages present mean more chronic disease

18
Q

What is emigration?

A

Diapedesis of leukocytes: chemotaxis (attraction of cell sto inflammation
= white blood cells pulled into tissue

19
Q

Chemotaxis

A

attraction of WBC to area of inflammation

20
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Begins with recognition of the target
- neutrophils and macrophages = both primary phagocytes that destroy the foreign body
- engulfment of foreign material
- ingestion through fusion with lysosomes within the phagocyte
- destruction by lysosomal enzymes

21
Q

What is the formation of exudate?

A

drainage
- Initially plasma-like
- Prulrulent as cellular debris accumulate - thicker discolored, infection, discharge

22
Q

What is fibrin barrier?

A

formation of activated at site of wals off area to limit spread
- framework for tissue formation = where healing begins

23
Q

during chronic inflammation what is happening?

A

Inflammatory process persists, stimulus not clear
- more macrophages, less neutrophils
- lack of control of plasma protein synthesis
- natural inhibitors ineffective (mediators are not stopping it)
- may cause scar formation and organ dysfunction

24
Q

What are the local responses due to inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, edema = vasodialation
pain = irritation of nerves
formation of exudate
bodys removal of exudate = depends on area

25
Q

What are some systemic effects of inflammation on the body?

A
  • Fever initiated by releasing pf pyrogens that act on hypothalamus and raise thermostat
  • increase in circulating plasma proteins
26
Q

what is CRP?

A

C-reactive protein
- normally not present
- Increases after acute inflammation or tissue destruction
- more common

27
Q

what is ESR?

A

(Erythryocyte sedimentation rate)
- less specific
- elevated with inflamation

28
Q

what is Leukocytosis?

A

Elevation in WBC count (neutrophils)
- left shift - increase in bands (bands are immature WBC)(come from bone marrow, they are releasing and sensing WBC but they are immature)

29
Q

What is Lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lyphm nodes (more severe)
- localized infection in attempt to drain exudate

30
Q

What is the 3 parts of Resolution Inflammation?

A

Simple resolution
regeneration
repair by scar formation

31
Q

What is simple resolution?

A

no destruction of tissue
- neutralization destruction of agent and vessels return to normal

32
Q

What is regeneration?

A

replacement of lost or necrotic tissue by tissue of same type
- little to no evidence

33
Q

In repair of scar formation what is happening?

A
  • necrotic tissue and exudate by granulation tissue (vascular in nature) - enhanced angiogenesis
  • Collagen formation to strengthen healing wound
  • healing by primary and secondary intention?
34
Q

What is primary Intention?

A

Healing by fist: minimal tissue loss nice cut
- sutured or stapled wounds

35
Q

What is secondary intention?

A

Deep or large wounds that heal from the inside out

36
Q

When there ia a large deep wound how does its healing look like?

A
  • Proliferation phase (reconstruction) 3-4 days after injury
  • remodeling phase
  • contraction and fading of tissue
37
Q

What are the factors that affect inflammatory response?

A

Poor nutrition
poor blood as well as oxygen

38
Q

What are some of the abnormal wound healing poblems?

A

Dehiscence
Wound contractures
adhesions

39
Q

what does Dehiscence mean?

A

reopening of a closed wound, coughing stretching, collagen is inadequate

40
Q

What does wound contractures mean?

A

Physical abnormalities, limits movement, tissue becomes nonelastic

41
Q

What does adhesions mean?

A

Scar tissues that bind to adjacent structures that should not be (excessive fibrin present)

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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