Cellular Injury Flashcards
When cells are exposed to Stressors what do they do?
- They adapt to changes (survival mode)
- exhaustion of or inappropriate adaptive efforts
What are the 6 stimuli causing cellular injury?
- physical agents
- chemical agents
- microorganisms
- genetic defects
- nutritional imbalances
- hypoxia
What are some of the physical effects of cellular injury?
- trauma, lacerations, burns (temp changes), crush,electricity
- direct damage causing cell rupture or damage to circulation
- local swelling becuase of low blood supply, low nutrients = low healing rate
What are some chemical agents of cellular injury?
- simple compounds = glucose
- complex compounds = toxins and therapeutic agents (chemo)
- Damage to cell or they are taken into the cell affecting cell function)
How does microorganisms effect cellular Injury?
large number of infections
1. secretion of toxins
2. Intefere with metabolism
3. viruses cause cellular injury releasing viral proteins affecting DNA
What are some genetic problems related to cellular injury?
- Inborn problems of metabolism
- gross malformations = actual defects in DNA
What are some nutritional imbalances affecting celular injury?
self induced or disease induced
1. Deficiencies of vitamins and proteins
2. Excessive food intake = lipids = atherosclerosis
How does Hypoxia affect cellular injury?
MOST COMMON CAUSE
1. inadequate o2 in blood = in tissues = decreased ATP regeneration
2. decreased perfusion to tissues
3. lack of 02 in cell = anaerobic glycolysis intake
- accumulation of lactic acid
- reduction in pH results in impaired enzyme processes
4. may result in death
hypoxia vs. hypoxemia?
hypoxemia = inadequate 02 in blood which leads to Hypoxia = decreased 02 to tissues
What are the 5 Intracellular changes in response to stimuli?
- inability of cells to process materials
- Lipids and carbohydrates accumulation (tryglycerides)
- pathologic calcification
- Protein calcification
- Pigments: colored substance that accumulates in cell
When there is a Intracellular changes in response to stimuli what does it mean when there is an inability of cell to process materials ?
- accumulation on the cystplasm
- metabolic processes slow
- cannot synthesize atp = low ATP levels - Energy stores depleted
When there is a Intracellular changes in response to stimuli what happens when there is a lipid and carbohydrate accumulation?
- Cytoplasm pr parenchyma of certain organs
- Accumulation of fat droplets intracellularly due to improper metabolism
- fat build up in liver spleen, cns, heart and BV
- Stimulates scarring of tissue and organs = fails because can’t work properly
- ta-sachs disease
- fatty deposits in brain
- genetic disorder that affects motor and mental control
- fatal by 3 years
When there is a Intracellular changes in response to stimuli what happens when there is a pathologic calcification?
- impaired calcium homeostasis with cell membrane damage
- Increased Ca intracellularly released from mitochondria and ER
- Activites potentially damaging enzymes - damaged tissue = impaired organs
- skin, soft tissues, BV, heart and kidney
- = causes organs to dysfunction by uptake of Ca in injured cells
When there is a Intracellular changes in response to stimuli what does it mean if there is a protein calcification?
- proteins unable to be digested = damage o cellular organelles and disrupt function
- mainly kidney and immune function (kidney failure/ infection)
When there is a Intracellular changes in response to stimuli what hapens to the pigments?
- Endogeneous (inside of body)
- meanin
- hemoproteins = bruising- iron rich pigment = product of RBC destruction
- Exogenous (outside of body)
- carbon tatoo, lead
