Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation a response to?

A

Cellular injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four main signs of acute inflammation?

A

Redness

Swelling

Pain

Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A

Pathogens

Allergens

Auto-antigens

Physical damage

Extreme temperatures

Non-apoptosis cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in acute inflammation?

A

Change in local blood flow

Structural changes in the microvasculature

Recruitment/accumulation of immune cells and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in the first stage of acute inflammation?

A

Steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the second stage (damage) of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Inflammatory signals
  2. Vasodilators released
  3. Vascular chnage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the inflammatory signals in acute inflammation?

A

Non-apoptotic cell death

Detection of foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What vasodilators are released in acute inflammation?

A

Histamine

Nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Wha are the vascular changes in acute inflammation?

A

Increased permeability

Dilation

Reduced flow

Plasma leakage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What benefits does increased vascular permeability and leakage bring?

A

Rapid movement of antibodies into site of inflammation specific to intruding pathogen

Recruiting proteins into tissue site —> increased activation of immune cells and source of protein for tissue repair

Recruitment of leukocytes

Formation of a physical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is exudate?

A

Fluid, proteins and cells that have seeped out of a blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of exudate?

A

Form separation between healthy and inflamed tissue
—> prevent inflammatory stimuli and pathogens from migrating into healthy tissue and causing further damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens in the third stage (immune cell recruitment) of acute inflammation?

A

Recruitment of inflammation signals at site of damage

These chemokines diffuse out to form a gradient

Leukocytes expressing complimentary chemokine receptors migrate towards the chemokine source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of immune cell recruitment?

A

Chemokine: CXCL8 —> IL-8

Receptors: CXCR1 and CXCR2, g coupled 7-transmembrane proteins

Cell type: neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does neutrophil extravasation work?

A
  1. Chemo-attraction
  2. Rolling adhesion
  3. Tight adhesion
  4. Transmigration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in chemo-attraction in neutrophil extravasation?

A

Cytokines act on endothelial layer to promote upregulation of adhesion molecules

17
Q

What happens in rolling adhesion in neutrophil extravasation?

A

Carbohydrate ligands in a low affinity state on neutrophils bind selectins and migrate along blood vessel

18
Q

What happens in tight adhesion in neutrophil extravasation?

A

Chemokines promote low to high affinity switch in integrins —> enhance binding ti ligands

19
Q

What happens in transmigration in neutrophil extravasation?

A

Cytoskeletal rearrangement and extension of pseudopodia to move cell into interstitium

—> mediated by PECAM interactions on both cells

20
Q

What is neutrophil function at the site of inflammation?

A
  1. Pathogen recognition
  2. Pathogen clearance
    —> phagocytosis
    —> netosis —> take DNA out —> trap bacteria in ‘net’ —> allow macrophage to be recruited
  3. Cytokine secretion
    —> recruitment and activation of other immune cells
21
Q

What happens in resolution of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Pathogen recognition
    —> immune cells and antimicrobials will recognise infections/particulates
  2. Short half life
  3. Macrophages
    —> clear apoptosis cells
    —> produce inflammatory mediators
  4. Repair/wounding healing
22
Q

What is persistent inflammatory stimuli?

A

Persistent/prolonged infection

Persistent toxic stimuli —> e.g allergens, pollutants

Unclearable particulates

Autoimmunity

23
Q

What does distinct immune cell infiltrate include?

A

Inflammatory macrophages

T cells

Plasma

24
Q

What are the good effects of macrophages?

A

Phagocytic

Cytotoxic

Anti-inflammatory

Wound repair

25
What are the bad effects of macrophages?
Cytotoxic Inflammatory Pro-fibrotic
26
What do T cells do in chronic inflammation?
Pro-inflammatory Cytotoxic Regulatory
27
What do B cells do in chronic inflammation?
Generate plasma cells —> secrete antibody Protective, clearing infection Inflammatory —> driving reaction against self Can be local to inflammatory site or operate remotely
28
What is granulomatous inflammation?
Chronic inflammation with distinct pattern of granular formation Triggered by strong T cell responses Form against resistant agents
29
What is a granuloma?
Aggregation of activated macrophages —> barrier designed for clearance
30
What are the positive outcomes of acute and chronic inflammation?
Clear inflammatory agent Remove damages cells Restore normal tissue function
31
What are the negative outcomes of acute and chronic inflammation?
Excess tissue damage Scarring Loss of organ function —> organ failure