Cell Injury And Fate

Question 1

What physiological mean?

Answer 1

Normal healthy person

Question 2

What does pathological mean?

Answer 2

What happens in disease

Question 3

What does sublethal mean?

Answer 3

Produces injury not amounting to cell death
—> may be reversible or progress to cell death

Question 4

What are the causes of cell injury?

Answer 4

Oxygen deprivation

Chemical agents

Infectious agents

Immunological reactions

Genetic defects

Nutritional imbalances

Physical agents

Aging

Question 5

What does the cellular response to injurious stimuli depend on?

Answer 5

Type of injury

It’s duration

It’s severity

Question 6

What does the consequences of an injurious stimuli depend on?

Answer 6

The type of cell

Cells status

Question 7

What intracellular systems are particularly vulnerable to cell injury?

Answer 7

Cell membrane integrity

ATP generation

Protein synthesis

Integrity of the genetic apparatus

Question 8

What is the order of cell death, cellular function loss and morphological changes?

Answer 8

1. Cell function lost
2. Cell death occurs
3. Morphological changes are seen

Question 9

What is atrophy?

Answer 9

Shrinkage ion the size of cell by loss of cell substance

—> by consequence shrinkage of organ

Question 10

What is an example of atrophy?

Answer 10

Dementia —> shrinkage of the brain

Question 11

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 11

Increase in the size of cells —> increase in size of organ

Question 12

What is hypertrophy caused by?

Answer 12

Increased functional demand

Specific hormonal stimulation

Question 13

Example of hypertrophy

Answer 13

Uterus during pregnancy

Question 14

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 14

Increase in the number of cells in an organ

Question 15

What are the two types of hyperplasia?

Answer 15

Physiological:
—> hormonal —> uterus
—> compensatory —> remove 1 kidney —> remaining kidney gets bigger

Pathological:
—> excess hormonal growth
—> growth factor stimulation

Question 16

Example of hyperplasia

Answer 16

Carcinoma

Question 17

What is metaplasia?

Answer 17

Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

Question 18

Example of metaplasia

Answer 18

Cervix —> columnar epithelial —> exposed to acidic pH of vagina —> turns squamous —> reversed after pregnancy

Question 19

What is dysplasia?

Answer 19

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features or malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue

Question 20

What are examples of degenerative changes?

Answer 20

Fatty chnage

Cellular swelling

—> changes associated with cell and tissue damage

Question 21

What is necrosis?

Answer 21

Confluent cell death with inflammation

Question 22

What are the light microscopic changes associated Roth irreversible injury?

Answer 22

Coagulation necrosis

Liquefaction necrosis

Caseous necrosis

Fat necrosis

Question 23

What are the causes apoptosis?

Answer 23

Embryogenesis

Deletion of auto-reactive T cells in the thymus

Hormone-dependent physiological involution

Cell deletion in proliferating populations

Variety of mild injurious stimuli that cause irreparable DNA damage —> trigger cell suicide pathways

Question 24

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 24

Apoptosis may be physiological

Apoptosis is an active energy dependent process

Not associated with inflammation

Question 25

What is necroptosis?

Answer 25

Programmed cells death associated with inflammation

—> energy depended to like apoptosis