Cell Injury And Fate Flashcards
What physiological mean?
Normal healthy person
What does pathological mean?
What happens in disease
What does sublethal mean?
Produces injury not amounting to cell death
—> may be reversible or progress to cell death
What are the causes of cell injury?
Oxygen deprivation
Chemical agents
Infectious agents
Immunological reactions
Genetic defects
Nutritional imbalances
Physical agents
Aging
What does the cellular response to injurious stimuli depend on?
Type of injury
It’s duration
It’s severity
What does the consequences of an injurious stimuli depend on?
The type of cell
Cells status
What intracellular systems are particularly vulnerable to cell injury?
Cell membrane integrity
ATP generation
Protein synthesis
Integrity of the genetic apparatus
What is the order of cell death, cellular function loss and morphological changes?
- Cell function lost
- Cell death occurs
- Morphological changes are seen
What is atrophy?
Shrinkage ion the size of cell by loss of cell substance
—> by consequence shrinkage of organ
What is an example of atrophy?
Dementia —> shrinkage of the brain
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in the size of cells —> increase in size of organ
What is hypertrophy caused by?
Increased functional demand
Specific hormonal stimulation
Example of hypertrophy
Uterus during pregnancy
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in the number of cells in an organ
What are the two types of hyperplasia?
Physiological:
—> hormonal —> uterus
—> compensatory —> remove 1 kidney —> remaining kidney gets bigger
Pathological:
—> excess hormonal growth
—> growth factor stimulation
Example of hyperplasia
Carcinoma
What is metaplasia?
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another
Example of metaplasia
Cervix —> columnar epithelial —> exposed to acidic pH of vagina —> turns squamous —> reversed after pregnancy
What is dysplasia?
Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features or malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue
What are examples of degenerative changes?
Fatty chnage
Cellular swelling
—> changes associated with cell and tissue damage
What is necrosis?
Confluent cell death with inflammation
What are the light microscopic changes associated Roth irreversible injury?
Coagulation necrosis
Liquefaction necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
What are the causes apoptosis?
Embryogenesis
Deletion of auto-reactive T cells in the thymus
Hormone-dependent physiological involution
Cell deletion in proliferating populations
Variety of mild injurious stimuli that cause irreparable DNA damage —> trigger cell suicide pathways
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis may be physiological
Apoptosis is an active energy dependent process
Not associated with inflammation
What is necroptosis?
Programmed cells death associated with inflammation
—> energy depended to like apoptosis
