inflammation 1

Question 1

inflammation

Answer 1

well organized cascade of fluid and cellular changes within vascularized tissue
host response to remove damaged/necrotic tissue or foreign invaders

Question 2

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 3

inflammation is part of the process of repair and healing

Answer 3

destroys, dilutes or walls off injurious agents
initiates healing and tissue repair

Question 4

protective response

Answer 4

gets rid of pathogens
removes necrotic debris
facilitates remodeling

Question 5

inflammation and repair can be potentially harmful

Answer 5

rheumatoid arthritis
cirrhosis
type 2 diabetes
alzheimers disease
atherosclerosis

Question 6

acute inflammation

Answer 6

rapid
short duration-minutes to days
characterized by exudation of fluid and plasma protein (edema) and emigration of leukocytes (mostly neutrophils)

Question 7

chronic inflammation

Answer 7

longer duration-days to years
macrophages and lymphocytes
proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue (fibrosis)

Question 8

3 main components of acute inflammation

Answer 8

vascular alteration leading to increased blood flow
changes in microvasculature permeability that allow plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation
emigration of leukocytes to the perivascular area

Question 9

stimuli for acute inflammation

Answer 9

infection
trauma
physical and chemical agents
tissue necrosis
foreign body
immune reactions

Question 10

exudate

Answer 10

inflammatory extravascular fluid with
high protein concentration >5
high cell content >5000
specific gravity >1.020
formed when there is significant alteration in small blood vessel permeability at the site of injury

Question 11

transudate

Answer 11

extravascular fluid with low protein concentration <2
low cell content <1500
specific gravity <1.012
an ultrafiltrate of blood
increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased oncotic pressure

Question 12

edema

Answer 12

an accumulation of fluid in interstitial or serous cavities
increased vascular permeability
increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure
decreased intravascular osmotic pressure
decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 13

pus

Answer 13

a purulent exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils) and cell debris

Question 14

vascular changes in acute inflammation

Answer 14

vasodilation- involves arterioles first, then results in opening new capillary beds, mainly induced by histamine and nitric oxide acting on vascular smooth muscle
increased permeability of microvasculature-protein rich fluid pours out into extravascular tissue
loss of fluid results in concentration of red cells in small vessels increased blood viscosity and blood stasis
statis-allows leukocytes to accumulate along the endothelium and stick to it

Question 15

4 mechanisms of vascular leakage

Answer 15

endothelial contraction
direct endothelial injury
leukocyte-dependent injury
increased transcytosis

Question 16

endothelial changes-contraction

Answer 16

endothelial cells contract-increase in interendothelial space-mediated by histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes
rapid and short lived (15-30 minutes)

Question 17

endothelial changes-direct injury

Answer 17

direct damage to endothelium causes necrosis and detachment (burns, lytic bacteria)
starts immediately, last until thrombosis occurs or endothelium repairs

Question 18

endothelial changes-leukocyte-mediated injury

Answer 18

activated leukocytes may secrete free radicals and proteolytic enzymes, leading to cell damage

Question 19

endothelial changes-transcytosis

Answer 19

increased transport of fluid and protein through endothelial cells