Infertility in The Community MPH

Question 1

What are the five requirements for conception?

Answer 1

Production of healthy egg and sperm, unblocked tubes, sperm’s ability to fertilise the egg, implantation of the embryo, and a healthy pregnancy.

Question 2

Define infertility.

Answer 2

Failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular coitus without contraception.

Question 3

What is primary infertility?

Answer 3

Infertility in a couple that has never conceived.

Question 4

What is secondary infertility?

Answer 4

Infertility occurring after a previous pregnancy, regardless of outcome.

Question 5

What percentage of pregnancies occur within one month without contraception?

Answer 5

0.25

Question 6

What percentage of pregnancies occur within six months without contraception?

Answer 6

0.6

Question 7

What percentage of pregnancies occur within twelve months without contraception?

Answer 7

0.8

Question 8

List two preventable causes of infertility related to lifestyle.

Answer 8

Use of tobacco and caffeine, poor sexual health practices.

Question 9

How does age affect fertility in women?

Answer 9

Fertility declines significantly after the late 30s in women.

Question 10

How does age affect fertility in men?

Answer 10

Age affects sexual function and coital frequency, indirectly impacting fertility.

Question 11

Why is timing of intercourse important for conception?

Answer 11

Fertilisation requires sperm to be present in the genital tract shortly after ovulation.

Question 12

How long can sperm survive in the genital tract?

Answer 12

48–72 hours.

Question 13

How long does an ovum survive after ovulation?

Answer 13

12–24 hours.

Question 14

Name two drugs that can negatively impact fertility.

Answer 14

Methyldopa and anticancer drugs.

Question 15

What hormone dominates the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

Progesterone.

Question 16

What changes does progesterone cause in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 16

Thickening of endocervical mucus and increased basal body temperature.

Question 17

What physical symptoms suggest regular ovulation in women?

Answer 17

Fullness of the breasts, abdominal bloating, and mild peripheral oedema.

Question 18

Name one cost-effective method to diagnose ovulation.

Answer 18

Basal body temperature monitoring.

Question 19

List two priorities for preventing infertility through STI control.

Answer 19

Prevent transmission and ensure early treatment of infections.

Question 20

What vaccination can help prevent infertility in children?

Answer 20

Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine.

Question 21

How does using an intrauterine device (IUD) in youth affect fertility?

Answer 21

Increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility.

Question 22

Why is community education important in preventing infertility?

Answer 22

It ensures all individuals have access to STI treatment and reproductive health education.

Question 23

What are two constraints to infertility prevention at the community level?

Answer 23

Lack of understanding of infertility’s magnitude and poor prevention strategies.

Question 24

What are two constraints to infertility management at the healthcare level?

Answer 24

Lack of staff training and functional referral systems.

Question 25

Name three actions that should be taken at the PHC level to manage infertility.

Answer 25

History-taking, physical examination, counselling on fertile periods, and referrals.