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Community Health > Family Planning MPH > Flashcards

Family Planning MPH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the age thresholds that classify pregnancies as “high-risk”?

A

<18 years and >35 years.

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2
Q

What are the consequences of high-risk pregnancies occurring too close together?

A

Increased maternal and child health risks.

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3
Q

What percentage of maternal deaths in Africa result from unsafe abortions?

A

0.13

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4
Q

Define family planning according to WHO.

A

A way of thinking and living adopted voluntarily to promote family health and welfare.

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5
Q

What decisions does family planning enable for individuals and couples?

A

When to start and stop childbearing, spacing pregnancies, and matching family size to resources.

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6
Q

What are the benefits of birth spacing for children?

A

Prevents low birth weight and reduces malnutrition.

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7
Q

Name one congenital defect associated with children born to elderly women.

A

Down’s syndrome.

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8
Q

How does family planning benefit the health of women?

A

Prevents high-risk pregnancies and enables completing education.

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9
Q

Name two cancers that oral contraceptive pills protect against.

A

Ovarian and endometrial cancers.

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10
Q

What are the societal benefits of family planning?

A

Reduces population growth and improves quality of life.

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11
Q

List two consequences of high fertility rates on public utilities.

A

Pressure on water and education systems.

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12
Q

What are three natural family planning methods?

A

Calendar, basal body temperature, and cervical mucus methods.

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13
Q

What is the effectiveness rate of lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) with perfect use in the first six months postpartum?

A

0.5%.

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14
Q

Name one disadvantage of coitus interruptus.

A

No protection against STIs.

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15
Q

How do intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) prevent pregnancy?

A

Preventing implantation.

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16
Q

What is the failure rate of IUCDs?

A

94–99%.

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17
Q

Name one absolute contraindication for IUCD use.

A

Pregnancy.

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18
Q

Name one type of injectable contraceptive.

A

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo Provera).

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19
Q

What is the typical failure rate of injectable contraceptives?

A

0.03

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20
Q

What is one contraindication for injectable contraceptives?

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding.

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21
Q

Name one type of contraceptive implant.

A

Implanon.

22
Q

What is the failure rate of contraceptive implants?

A

0.05%.

23
Q

What are combined oral contraceptives composed of?

A

Estrogens and progesterones.

24
Q

Name one advantage of combined oral contraceptives.

A

Regularises periods.

25
Q

What is one contraindication for combined oral contraceptives?

A

Raised blood pressure.

26
Q

What is the failure rate of progestin-only pills (mini-pills)?

A

0.08

27
Q

What is the active agent in spermicides?

A

Nonoxynol-9.

28
Q

Name one contraindication for spermicides.

A

Allergy to preparation.

29
Q

How does a diaphragm work as a barrier method?

A

Acts as a mechanical barrier to sperm migration.

30
Q

Name one disadvantage of the diaphragm.

A

Requires medical fitting.

31
Q

What is the failure rate of male condoms?

A

0.15

32
Q

What is the failure rate of female condoms?

A

0.21

33
Q

Name one advantage of condoms.

A

Protects against STIs.

34
Q

What is one disadvantage of condoms?

A

Decreases sexual enjoyment.

35
Q

What is the failure rate of surgical contraception?

A

<1%.

36
Q

What are two types of surgical contraception?

A

Tubal ligation and vasectomy.

37
Q

Name one advantage of surgical contraception.

A

Permanent contraception.

38
Q

What is one disadvantage of surgical contraception?

A

Minor surgery required.

39
Q

What is emergency contraception?

A

Prevents pregnancy after intercourse.

40
Q

Name one type of emergency contraception.

A

Copper IUCD.

41
Q

Within what timeframe should emergency contraception be commenced?

A

Within 72 hours of unprotected sex.

42
Q

What is one disadvantage of emergency contraception?

A

Nausea or vomiting.

43
Q

Name one relative contraindication for IUCDs.

A

History of pelvic inflammatory disease.

44
Q

What is the minimum age threshold below which pregnancies are considered “high-risk”?

A

Below 18 years.

45
Q

How does exclusive breastfeeding delay fertility postpartum?

A

Suppresses ovulation.

46
Q

What is the main function of spermicides?

A

Immobilises sperm.

47
Q

What type of contraceptive method requires the use of basal body temperature or cycle beads?

A

Fertility awareness-based methods.

48
Q

How do contraceptive implants inhibit pregnancy?

A

Thicken cervical mucus and inhibit ovulation.

49
Q

Why are condoms considered effective against sexually transmitted infections?

A

Acts as a physical barrier.

50
Q

What is the main mechanism of action for emergency contraception with Copper IUCDs?

A

Prevents implantation.

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