Infertility Focused Flashcards
What is infertility in women OVER 35?
Infertility is when women over 35 are unable to conceive for 1 year with UNPROTECTED intercourse!
What is infertility in women UNDER 35?
Infertility is when women UNDER 35 are unable to to conceive for 6 months with UNPROTECTED intercourse.
What is PRIMARY INFERTILITY?
Primary infertility is the inability to conceive.
What is SECONDARY INFERTILITY?
Secondary infertility is when a couple has conceived previously, but is currently unable to conceive.
What is SUBFERTILITY?
Subfertility is when it takes a couple longer than average to achieve conception.
What is STERILITY?
Sterility is when pregnancy is NEVER going to happen
How many sperm, on average, are in each ejaculation?
35 - 200 MILLION
**At least 35 million
There has to be at least __________ sperm per ejaculation with a volume of at least __________ and a pH of __________ for fertilization to occur.
There has to be at least 35 - 39 MILLION sperm per ejaculation with a volume of at least 1.5 MILLILITERS and a pH of GREATER than 7.2 for fertilization to occur.
What is retrograde ejaculation?
RETROGRADE EJACULATION is when sperm are being ejaculated back into the bladder.
What causes retrograde ejaculation?
RETROGRADE EJACULATION is caused by either:
-neurological problem
OR
-nerve damage
- *MUST be fixed surgically!
- indicated by less volume being ejaculated
What is HYPOSPADIAS?
HYPOSPADIAS is when the urethral opening is on the ventral side of the penis
What is ANOVULATION?
ANOVULATION is when a woman STOPS ovulating!
What is PRIMARY ANOVULATION?
PRIMARY ANOVULATION is caused by a problem with the pituitary gland and/or the hypothalamus!
What is SECONDARY ANOVULATION?
SECONDARY ANOVULATION is caused by a problem OTHER than a problem with the pituitary gland and/or hypothalamus!
EX: low body weight, low body fat, anorexia, etc.
what is PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE?
PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE is when a woman spontaneously goes into menopause BEFORE the age of 40!
What effects can Guaifenesin (mucinex) have on the female reproductive tract?
Guaifenesin (Mucinex) can actually THIN CERVICAL MUCUS!
Cervical mucus should become ________ and _________ and ________ like an __________ just prior to ovulation.
Cervical mucus should become THIN and CLEAR and STRETCHY like an EGG WHITE just prior to ovulation.
What is SPINNBARKEIT MUCOUS?
SPINNBARKEIT MUCUS is the mucus that is produced/released just prior to ovulation!
SPINNBARKEIT MUCUS is THIN & CLEAR & STRETCHY
After ovulation, the cervical mucous __________ to a __________ consistency.
After ovulation, the cervical mucous THICKENS to a WHITE PASTE-LIKE consistency.
What is ASHERMANS SYNDROME?
ASHERMANS SYNDROME refers to uterine adhesions and/or scarring
What is HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAM (HSG)
-dye is injected into fallopian tubes
^^^used to evaluate patency of fallopian tubes
**if it comes out it is VERY PAINFUL, this indicates the tubes are open!
What type of eggs are used to determine sperm penetration abilities?
HAMPSTER EGGS
What is Clomiphene citrate and why/when is it used?
- 1st step in infertility treatments, given PO, 5-7 days into cycle (early)
- helps with ovulation/releasing of eggs, etc.
- *can lead to hyperovulation which can lead to shock
Why is metformin given to patients suffering from infertility taking Clomiphene citrate?
Metformin is given to these patients to help reduce insulin resistance which leads to ovulation!
***Metformin can cause diarrhea, evaluate amount of sugar consumed
What complications arise when diabetics take metormin?
Metformin leads to ovulation, so women on Metformin need to take contraceptives to further reduce chances of becoming pregnant!
Menotropins & Infertility
Menotropins are generally used as SECOND step in infertility treatment!
Menotropins are injectable forms of LH & FSH
Menotropins & FSH
Menotropin FSH is used to make dozens of follicles and make estrogen levels rise!
Menotropins & LH
Menotropin LH is used to ripen eggs, does not release the egg!
HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)
- 3rd step in infertility treatment
- given via ONE subq injection
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a __________ that makes the woman __________ she has grown with the __________
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a PREGNANCY HORMONE that makes the woman RELEASE THE EGGS she has grown with the MENOTROPINS
What can cause a false positive pregnancy test?
HCG injections can cause a false positive urine pregnancy test;
Urine pregnancy tests check for the presence of HCG in the urine, when taking injectable HCG this can lead to the false positive
Progesterone is generally administered via __________, but can also be given __________ or by __________
Progesterone is generally administered via DEEP IM INJECTION (buttocks), but can also be given VAGINALLY or by PATCH
Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
__________ is a procedure that puts the sperm at the top of the inside of the uterus close to the fallopian tubes.
Nurses are certified to do this, does not require an advanced degree
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
fertilization occurs outside of the body
most successful is when blastocyst (5 days post fertilization) is placed at very top of uterus
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
eggs and sperm are put in a tube and placed together in the very top of the uterus
fertilization occurs in vivo (inside the body)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
feralization occurs outside the body
24 hours after fertilization, the zygote is placed at the very top of the uterus
less successful
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
every egg is injected with a sperm (kind of like an arranged marriage)
In a semen analysis, what is the minimum number of sperm per ejaculate required to be within the acceptable range?
32 million
39 million
20 million
25 million
39 million
The purpose of a hysterosalpingogram is to prepare the female reproductive tract for assisted reproductive technology procedures. True or false.
False
The hysterosalpingogram is intended to assess reproductive tract patency. This test can be painful if the dye flows through the fallopian tubes and into the peritoneal cavity (a good sign of tubal patency)
What infertility medication is used to directly stimulate ovarian follicle development?
human chorionic gonadotrophin
leupolide acetate
metformin
menotropins
menotropins
LH and FSH are used to directly stimulate the follicles.
What testicular factors may affect male fertility? Select all that apply.
Torsion Trauma Antihypertensive medications Variocele Sexually transmitted infections
Variocele
Sexually transmitted infections
Torsion
Trauma
Infertility is the inability to conceive after 6 months of unprotected (without contraception) and regular intercourse. True or false.
True & False
Infertility is the inability to conceive after 1 year of UPI in a woman younger than 35 years of age and in 6 months in a woman 35 years of age and older.
An intact hypothyroid-pituitary-gonadal axis is only needed in the female partner of a couple trying to conceive. True or false.
False
This hormonal axis needs to be intact for both male and female reproductive partners trying to conceive.
Vaginal pH is acidic and semen pH is basic. True or false.
TRUE
Spinnbarkeit mucous at the cervical opening is an abnormal finding just prior to female ovulation. True or false.
False
This type of raw egg white consistency mucous is an expected finding before ovulation.
After ovulation, the cervical mucous thickens to a white paste-like consistency.
