Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OB Theory > infertility > Flashcards

infertility Flashcards

1
Q
  • Inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected, regular sexual intercourse
  • If over 35 years if no conception in past 6 months
  • Any inability to conceive when desired
  • Includes repeated miscarriage
  • Affects approximately 15% of couples of reproductive age
A

Infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

never have conceived - infetility

A

primary infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
conceived once but unable to conceive again
•40-50% of causes are idiopathic
•Other 50%
•1/3 male
•1/3 female
•1/3 male and female partners
A

secondary infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary hypogonadism (testicular failure)
30-40% of male cases:
•Variocele (40% of cases)
•Medication: Nicotine, Alcohol Abuse, Anabolic steroids, Antihypertensive
•Cocaine & Marijuana Use
•Toxin exposure
•Heavy metal, organic solvents, pesticides, radiation

A

male factors of impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Testicular surgeries or injury
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Chromosomal abnormality
  • Genital radiation or Chemotherapy
  • Vas deferens & Epididymal absence (e.g. Cystic Fibrosis)
  • Hormonal Dysfunction (e.g. excess androgen or estrogen)
  • Orchitis
  • Post-pubertal mumps
  • Sexually transmitted disease
A

male factors of impairment 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Abnormal amount, structure, motility
  • Azoospermia—absence of functional sperm
  • Oligospermia—decreased number of functional sperm
  • Impaired sperm function—normal 400 mil/ml
A

abnormalities of sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
Affect ability to deposit sperm near the cervix
•Erectile Dysfunction
•Peripheral vascular disorder
•Hypothyroidism
•Major depression
A

abnormal erections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

•Affect ability to deposit sperm near cervix
•Retrograde ejaculation—flow into bladder
-Diabetes
-Sympathetic nerve dysfunction
-Antihypertensives, psychotropics
•Obstructive azoospermia
-Hypospadias, epispadias
-Varicocele
•Alcohol/drug use affecting neurological functioning

A

abnormal ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

•Seminal fluid does not enter cervix or uterus
•Nourishes sperm until can enter cervix
•Alkaline to counteract acidic vaginal fluids
•Coagulates but then becomes liquefied 30 minutes after ejaculation
-Problem if does not liquefy
•Abnormal seminal fluid indicative of inflammation, obstruction, infection

A

seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fertility dependent on
•Normal ova production
•Open pathway(s) from cervix to fallopian tube
•Uterine endometrium adequate to support growth

A

factors of women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

•Ovulation dependent upon hypothalamus releasing GnRH and pituitary releasing FSH and LH; and the ability of ovaries to respond
•Number of oocytes established as fetus
-Eggs age with woman
-Eggs subjected to lifetime of environmental agents, drugs
•May have normal or irregular menses

A

disorders of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q 
-Scarring, adhesions impair conception and/or implantation
•Endometriosis
•STDs, PID
•Surgery
•Congenital anomaly
•May result in ectopic pregnancy
-Impaired fimbriae or cilia motility
A

disorders of fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Polyps
  • Scarring from culposcopy, biopsy
  • Infection
  • Abnormal cervical mucus impairs sperm
  • Normal at ovulation is consistency of egg white
A

abnormalities of the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Abnormalities of fetal chromosomes
  • Abnormalities of cervix or uterus
  • Endocrine abnormalities
  • Immunologic factors
  • Environmental agents
A

repeated pregnancy loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Genetic errors result in spontaneous abortion
  • Most errors are random
  • One or both parents may be carrier
  • Consider genetic counseling if > 2 miscarriage
A

abnormalities in fetal chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Abnormal structure of cervix or uterus affecting implantation or fetal growth
  • DES exposure in utero—incompetent cervix, uterine malformation, cancer
  • Surgery
  • Trauma
  • Fibroids
A

abnormalities of cervix and uterus

17
Q
  • Luteal phase defect—inadequate progesterone to support implantation, placenta
  • Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity –(inadequate diet)
  • Advanced Age (sharp decline at age 42)
A

endocrine abnormalities

18
Q
  • Rejection of embryo as foreign by maternal immune system

* Lupus

A

immunologic factors

19
Q
  • Radiation
  • Alcohol
  • Accutane
  • Cigarette smoke
  • Cocaine
  • Solvents
  • Pesticides
  • Lead, mercury
A

environmental agents

20
Q
  • HIV
  • CMV
  • Rubella
  • Varicella
  • Herpes
  • Hepatitis
  • Parvovirus—fifth disease
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • GBS
  • TB
A

infections

21
Q
  • Thorough health history with reproductive history
  • Obtain specific information regarding sexual intercourse (male & female)
  • Physical exam (male & female)
A

assessment

22
Q 
Start with least invasive
•Semen Analysis
•Basal body temperature
•Cervical mucus assessment
•Ovarian function assessment
-hormone levels
•Pelvic organ assessments
-Ultrasound
-Hysterosalpingography
-Laparoscopy
A

diagnostic exams

23
Q 
•Natural Family Planning Education
•Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate)
-Common side effects:
--Decreased cervical mucus
--Hot flushes
--Breast and Pelvic pain
--Nausea
•Severe: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
-Acute fluid shift into extravascular space
A

medical therapy to facilitate pregnacy

24
Q 
•Surgery
-Endoscopy
-Laparotomy
-Transcervicalballoon tuboplasty
•Therapeutic insemination
•Surrogacy
A

medical therapy 2

25
Q
  • In vitro fertilization (IVF)
  • Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
  • Tubal embryo transfer (TET)
  • Microsurgically assisted fertilization
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
A

advanced reproductive techniques

26
Q
  • Involves combining eggs and sperm outside the body in a laboratory then implanting in the reproductive tract.
  • May result in multiple gestation
  • Progesterone given to facilitate implantation
A

advanced reproductive techniques 2

27
Q
  • Involves combining eggs and sperm outside the body in a laboratory then implanting in the reproductive tract.
  • May result in multiple gestation
  • Progesterone given to facilitate implantation
A

advanced reproductive techniques 3

28
Q
  • Recognized as a major life stressor that can affect self-esteem, relations with the spouse, family and friends
  • Couples need assistance separating success and failure of infertility from personal success and failure
A

infertility issues

29
Q
  • Couple or woman exhibits behaviors of the grieving process that are associated with other types of loss
  • Loss of one’s genetic continuity
  • Loss of self-esteem
  • Sense of inadequacy as woman/man
  • Loss of control over life and destiny
  • Reduced sense of self
A

infertility issues 2

30
Q
  • Couple must decide/identify the importance of having a baby. Conflicts may arise if there is disagreement among partners.
  • Couple must be willing to divulge intimate sexual information with healthcare professionals
  • Financial resources
A

infertility issues 3

31
Q
  • Time commitment
  • Social, cultural, and religious values
  • Risk of procedures–surgery, medications, multiple births
  • Probability of success
  • Psychological reactions
  • guilt
  • isolation
  • depression
A

infertility issues 4

32
Q
  • Pregnancy loss after therapy
  • may experience profound grief after achievement of conception and then loss
  • may be able to go on because they were successful once, ready to try again
A

pregnancy outcomes

33
Q

Parenthood after therapy
•may experience mixed emotions
•worry about completing pregnancy
•may be unable to “invest” fully in pregnancy
•may experience anger from family/friends who don’t understand why couple isn’t “thrilled, overjoyed”
•high anxiety during labor and postpartum
•unrealistic expectations about newborn, parenthood
Adoption

A

possible outcomes

34
Q
  • Assist with therapeutic communication
  • Increase couples sense of control
  • Reduce isolation
  • Promote positive self image
A

nursing

35
Q
  • Partners can express feelings about situation
  • Partners can explore ways to increase personal control as evidenced by expressing feelings of reduced helplessness and dependence
A

goals

OB Theory (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions