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OB Theory > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

period between conception and before the onset of labor=pregnancy

A

Antepartum

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2
Q

before birth of infant

A

Prenatal

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3
Q

period of time shortly before and after birth beginning at approximately 28 weeks and ending 1 to 4 weeks after birth
Risk for preeclampsia during this period

A

Perinatal

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4
Q

start of labor until birth

A

Intrapartum

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5
Q

period after delivery

1-4 hours after delievery

A

Postpartum

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6
Q

period of time after delivery until involution of the uterus is complete–approx. 6 weeks

A

Puerperium

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7
Q

neonatal – first 4 weeks after birth

A

Newborn

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8
Q

branch of medicine concerned with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum

A

Obstetrics

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9
Q

care rendered by nurse to mother and infant throughout the reproductive process
Focus on health promotion and family

A

Maternity nursing

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10
Q

Primitive eggs

What will develop into a baby when pregnant

A

Oocytes

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11
Q

developing organism week 3 through end of week 8
All organs are being formed
Most deadly time for embryo

A

Embryo

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12
Q

infant in uterus from week 9-birth

A

Fetus

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13
Q

factors in chromosomes responsible for transmitting inherited traits of individual–units of heredity

A

Genes

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14
Q

process by which cells divide by meiosis to form gametes

A

Gametogenesis

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15
Q

2 meiotic divisions result in 4 sperm

•22 single chromosomes and X or Y sex chromosome=23 total

A

Male – spermatogenesis

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16
Q

2 meiotic divisions result in 1 ovum and 3 small polar bodies
•22 chromosomes and X chromosome
•Second meiotic division is completed if a sperm fertilizes the ovum

A

Female – Oogenesis

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17
Q

body’s chemical messengers.
•The endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together.
• travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs.
•The endocrine system constantly adjusts these levels so that the body can function normally. This process is called homeostasis.

A

Hormones

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18
Q

3 places that send out hormones

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Ovaries
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19
Q

Hormone Functions:

A
  1. Growth and Development: ex: puberty
  2. Metabolism
  3. Sexual function: ex: estrogen makes it slippery by “fluid retention”
  4. Reproduction: need progesterone: keep uterine lining thick and prevents contractions
  5. Mood
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20
Q

first one released kicks off hypo pituitary to release LH

A

GnRH

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21
Q

finish off oocyte to ovum and kicks it off

A

LH

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22
Q

stimulates ovaries and follicles

A

FSH

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23
Q

causes maturation and fluid retention

A

Estrogen

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24
Q

keeps uterus thick and luscious

Keeps it from contracting

A

Progesterone

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25
Q

Growth and development, like muscle

A

Testosterone

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26
Q

Insulin resistance to share calories with baby

A

HPL

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27
Q

milk production

A

Prolactin

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28
Q

cartilage on body to make room for baby

A

relaxin

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29
Q

starts contractions
Want it on week 40
Works on breast when testosterone in gone
Allows “let down”

A

Oxytocin

30
Q

Beginning when the oocyte is stimulate FSH and LH by GnRH

A

ovarian cycle

31
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH.
•The immature follicle matures due to Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
•The oocyte within the follicle is growing
•Luteinizing hormone (LH) allows for final maturation and release of ovum.
•High levels of Estrogen is secreted until ovulation
•Progesterone then surges
Day 14 = a mature graafian follicle appears near the surface of the ovary
•The ovum is now released near the fimbra of the fallopian tube and will travel to the uterus
•Only fertile for 6 to 24 hours
•It reaches the uterus in 72 to 96 hours after being released from the ovary

A

Follicular phase (phase 1)

32
Q

Luteal phase(days 15 to 28)
•Begins when the ovum leaves its follicle
•A corpus luteum develops from the ruptured follicle
•If the ovum is fertilized it the corpus luteum will secrete large amounts of progesterone and a small amount of estrogen
•If the ovum isn’t fertilized the corpus luteum will degenerate
•Menstruation will occur 14 days after ovulation if the ovum wasn’t fertilized

A

Ovarian cycle (phase 2)

33
Q

Prevents ovulation by inhibiting release of gonadotropins, inhibits ovulation, increase uterine mucous viscosity
•Acne, Endometriosis, Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Makes body think you have HCg, which gnRH won’t produce

A

contraceptive drugs

34
Q

Oral: mostly estrogen-progestin combinations
•Injection: Depo-Provera, progestin only
•Transdermal Patch
•Vaginal Ring: NuvaRing

A

examples of contraceptive

35
Q 
Hypertension: due to increase in cardiac output
•Thromboembolism
•Alteration in lipid and carb metabolism
•Increases in serum hormone concentrations: to have enough energy so you need proper diet
•Edema: BP is increasing
•Headache
•Weight gain
•Breast changes
•Nausea and vomiting
A

Adverse effects of contraceptives

36
Q

•Occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and unites with it
•After ovum released it has 6-24 hours to be fertilized
•Sperm can live 72 hours but most fertile during the first 24 hours
•200-600 million sperm released in 2-5 ml of semen
Usually occurs in ampulla of fallopian tubes, close to ovary
•High estrogen at ovulation
•thins cervical mucus
•increases motility of ovum

A

Fertilization and conception

37
Q
  • Ovum always contributes an X chromosome
  • Sperm contributes an X or Y chromosome
  • XX= female
  • XY= male
  • pH level and estrogen levels contribute to sex determination
A

Sex determination

38
Q

•Zygote divides many times to form morula and begin travel down fallopian tube to uterus
•

A

Development

39
Q

becomes embryo, amnion, and yolk sac membrane
2 layer substance that turns into uterine lining
Inner layer

A

Blastocysts (Morula 1st layer)

40
Q

becomes fetal side of the placenta and chorion

outer layer

A

Trophoblast (Morula 2nd layer)

41
Q
  • Approximately 7-9 days
  • Trophoblast layer sends out “feelers” called chorions that burrow into the wall of uterus.
  • Common implantation site in upper posterior wall
  • Endometrium of uterus now called decidua
A

Implantation

42
Q

decidua over the blastocyst

grows over blastocyst - cap

A

Decidua capsularis

43
Q

part of the endometrium in which the blastocyst imbeds
Becomes maternal placenta
Thickest part of uterine wall - base

A

decidua basalis

44
Q

the remaining uterine lining - outside

A

decidua vera

45
Q

•At implantation, previously identical cells begin to differentiate and become specialized

A

Cell differentiation

46
Q

•develops from trophoblast and surrounds the amnion, embryo, yolk sac
•Villi extend into decidua basalis and form embryonic placenta
Closest to mom

A

Chorion

47
Q

thin membrane that surrounds and protects the embryo
Closest to baby
this and chorion fuse together and form amniotic sac which you need for growth and development

A

Amnion

48
Q
  • 98% water, slightly alkaline, and contains many nutrients, fetal urine, skin cells, lanugo hair
  • Average volume 800-1000ml at birth
  • Fetus swallows up to 400 ml/day and urinates it
  • Abnormalities
  • hydramnios(polyhydramnios) >2000ml (Uterus will grow too much and go into labor)
  • oligohydramnios
A

Amniotic fluid

49
Q
  • Maintains even temperature
  • Permits embryo to float and develop symmetrically
  • Aids in develop of lungs and gastrointestinal systems
  • Cushions against blows to maternal abdomen
A

Functions of Amniotic Fluid

50
Q
  • Temporary organ
  • Forms when chorionic villi extend into decidua basalis
  • Forms around week 3 and grows through week 20
  • Thickens and matures until 6-8 in. diameter and 1 in. thick
A

Placenta (1)

51
Q
  • arises from decidua basalis
  • Large number of arterioles and venules
  • 15-20 segments called cotyledons
  • Raw beefy appearance
  • “Dirty Duncan”
A

Maternal Placenta

52
Q
  • develops from the chorionic villi and blood vessels
  • Covered by amniotic fetal membrane
  • Smoother, grayish, shiny appearance with many blood vessels
  • “Shiny Schultze”
  • Umbilical cord should attach in center
A

Fetal Placenta

53
Q
  • Two sides separated by thin membrane
  • Maternal and fetal blood pass close to each other but don’t intermix
  • Fetal blood may enter maternal circulation when placenta separates at delivery, or if placenta injured during pregnancy–Rh factor
  • At birth the baby breathes and the cord is clamped, ending fetal circulation
A

Placental Circulation

54
Q
  • Gas exchange between mother and fetus
  • 2 arteries carry deoxygenated blood to mother
  • 1 vein carries oxygenated blood to fetus
  • Nourishment and Excretion
  • delivers necessary nutrients and clearance of fetus’ metabolic waste products
  • Hormone production influences growth and maintains pregnancy
  • hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • HPL (human placental lactogen)
  • Relaxin
  • Placental barrier
  • Nicotine, drugs, alcohol, viruses cross
A

Placenta fuctions

55
Q
  • Lifeline between mother and fetus
  • Forms concurrently with placenta
  • 20-22 inches long, 0.8 inches thick
  • 2 arteries (bring deoxygenated to mom) , 1 large vein (Bring oxygenated to baby)
  • Wharton’s jelly surrounds the vessels and keeps them separate
  • Center insertion. Battledore or velamentous abnormal insertions.
A

Umbilical cord

56
Q
  • Begins with fertilization through implantation.
  • Rapid cell multiplication and differentiation
  • Germ layers form
A

Pre-Embryonic or stage of ovum

57
Q
  • Starts approximately week 4 through end of week 8
  • Tissue differentiation in all organs
  • Week 3: Brain differentiates in 5 areas and all 12 cranial nerves are present
  • Heart forms and begins beating at 4weeks
  • Gastrointestinal tract begins to develop
  • Lung structure, Liver, Kidneys developing
  • Arm and leg buds at 5 weeks with muscle innervation
  • Hematopoiesis begins at 6 weeks
  • Renal system begins to function at 8 weeks
A

Embryonic Stage

58
Q

Keeps cord from kinging

A

Wharton’s jelly

59
Q
  • Structures refining and perfecting functions
  • Week 10–eyelids close and don’t reopen until week 28
  • 10-12 weeks heartbeat can be heard by doppler
  • 12 weeks
  • kidneys producing urine
  • digestive system shows activity
  • genitals well differentiated
A

Fetal stage week 9-40

60
Q

Quickening

A

Mother feels Fetal movement - 12-20 Weeks

Fetal Stage

61
Q

Fine hair completely covers baby

A

Lanugo

Fetal Stage

62
Q

if baby is born with not enough glucose they use this for energy and heat production

A

brown fat forming

Fetal Stage

63
Q

Provides gas exchange in lungs

A

Alveoli

Fetal Stage

64
Q

Cream cheese substance that protects skin from embryotic fluid

A

Vernix Caseosa

65
Q

Nostrils open, respiratory movements occur without actual breathing, alveoli produces surfactant (important sign of lung maturity)

A

24 weeks - fetal stage

66
Q
  • eyelids reopen, lashes and eyebrows present
  • fetus looks like little old man
  • nervous system begins regulatory functions
  • testes descend into scrotum
  • weight approx.. 2-2 1/2 lbs. (0.9-1.1 kg)
A

28 weeks - fetal stage

67
Q

•respiration and thermoregulation possible if fetus delivered
•continue to gain weight–4-4 1/2 lbs. (1.8-2.0 kg)
•Skeleton fully developed but not calcified to ease delivery
Still no adipose tissue for temp
Able to take some oral feeding now

A

32 weeks - fetal stage

68
Q 
•weight 5-6 lbs. (2.2-2.7 kg)
•diminishing lanugo
•“filled out” appearance
•still has a lot of vernix
•soft ear shells and lobes
•very few creases on soles of feet
Adipose tissue is forming and baby is individualized
A

36 weeks - fetal stage

69
Q
  • average weight 6-8 lbs. (2.7-3.6 kg)
  • Skin pink and smooth
  • vernix in skin folds, lanugo on shoulders and upper back
  • firm ear shells and lobes
  • many creases to sole
  • well developed labia, scrotum w/ rugae
A

38-40 weeks - fetal stage

70
Q

two ova fertilized by separate sperm=fraternal, nonidentical
•NOT genetically alike
•2 amnions, 2 chorions, 2 placentas that may be fused together
•May be same sex or different sexes
•increases in frequency with maternal age, parity, fertility drugs
•Occurs more in African-American women

A

Dizygotic Twin

71
Q
  • 1 ova, 1 sperm
  • Fertilized egg then divides to produce 2 fetuses=paternal, identical
  • Always the same sex, same genes
  • If division occurs immediately after fertilization=2 embryos, 2 amnions, 2 chorions and 2 placentas
  • More frequently division occurs between 4-8 days after fertilization
  • 2 embryos, 2 amnions, 1 chorion, and 1 placenta
  • If division occurs after 8 days (rare)
  • 2 embryos, 1 amnion, 1 chorion, 1 placenta
  • can cause cords to tangle=fetal death
  • Very late division–may not divide completely and produce “Siamese” twins
  • Identical twins occur in 1 of 250 births
  • Fertility drugs increase incidence
  • No increased associated with race, age, or parity
A

Monozygotic Twins

OB Theory (16 decks)

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