Inferential stats- Levels of Measurment

Question 1

What are the three levels of measurement?

Answer 1

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval

Question 2

What is nominal data?

Answer 2

-data that can be separated into mutually exclusive categories- this means that data can only belong to one category.
-e.g. male or female, smoker or non-smoker. This is the simplest level of measurement.

Question 3

what measure of central tendency is involved with nominal data?

Answer 3

the mode

Question 4

What is ordinal data?

Answer 4

Numerical data that is ranked or rated. e.g. first, second, third; or a subjective preference rating of 5 out of 10.
-allows you to say one score is higher/ lower than another but is limited as you do not know the actual difference between the scores.
e.g. if you ranked Olympic medallists you know who came first and second but you do not know by how much the first medallist beat the second. You don’t know the precise difference between a participant’s preference rating of 5 and 6 out of 10.

Question 5

what measure of central tendency is involved with ordinal data?

Answer 5

median

Question 6

What is interval data?

Answer 6

Continuous numerical data of exact scores.
-based on a standard unit of measurement where there are equal intervals between points on a scale.
e.g. time, temperature, weight.
-Interval data are the most complex of the three levels.

Question 7

What type of measure of central tendency is involved with interval data?

Answer 7

mean

Question 8

What is the order of sophistication from most to least?

Answer 8

interval
ordinal
nominal

Question 9

What is a statistical test used to do?

Answer 9

calculate the calculated value

Question 10

What three factors should be considered when choosing an appropriate statistical test to analyse data?

Answer 10

-Difference: Type of Test: Difference (e.g. Experimental method) or Correlation.
-Design: Unrelated (e.g. Independent groups, categorical data) or Related (e.g. Repeated measures, Matched pairs, Related co-variables).
-Data: Level of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, or Interval.

Question 11

what test is used when the data is nominal, test is unrelated design (IG’s)?

Answer 11

chi- squared (x2)

Question 12

what test is used when the data is nominal, test is related design (repeated/matched)?

Answer 12

sign test (S)

Question 13

what test is used when the data is ordinal, test is unrelated design (IG’s)?

Answer 13

mann-whitney (U)

Question 14

what test is used when the data is ordinal , test is related design (repeated/matched)?

Answer 14

Wilcoxon (T)

Question 15

what test is used when the data is ordinal, test is related covariables,

Answer 15

spearman’s rho (rs)

Question 16

what test is used when the data is interval, test is unrelated design (IG’s)?

Answer 16

unrelated t-test (t)

Question 17

what test is used when the data is interval, test is related design (RM/MP)?

Answer 17

Related t-test

Question 18

what test is used when the level of measurement is interval, test is related covariables?

Answer 18

pearson’s r (r)

Question 19

What mustn’t I call levels of measurement?

Answer 19

type of data

Question 20

How is the sign test calculated?

Answer 20

-State the hypotheses. Identify whether the alternative is directional or non-directional.
_Record the data in a table.
-Work out the difference between the scores (i.e. Condition A - Condition B)
-Work out the sign (+ if the difference is positive; - if the difference is negative, O if the difference is zero).
-Work out the calculated value for S:
-Separately add up the pluses and the minuses.
-Select the smaller value as the calculated value of S.
-Find the critical value of S from a critical values table. You need to know:
a. One-or two-tailed test.
b. p-value.
C. N (total of both pluses and minuses, ignore zeros).
-Report the result of the test including whether the null hypothesis is accepted/rejected.

Question 21

what type of date is nominal?

Answer 21

categorical- mutually exclusive (data can only fall into one of these categories)